拉萨之虎：胡锦涛的1989

Hu Jintao was the first person in the history of the Chinese Communist Party to come from a commoner family.

The supreme leader who himself had no revolutionary experience How did he gain Deng Xiaoping's favor?

So much so that they had to use a generational appointment method to elevate him to power?

During Hu Jintao's rise What role did the Lhasa incident actually play?

Why is he called the Tiger of Lhasa?

March 5, 1989 The air in Lhasa still carried the chill of early spring.

But the atmosphere on the streets suddenly heated up that day.

Morning Some monks first went to Barkhor Street in front of Jokhang Temple.

Holding the Snow Lion Flag, which represents Tibetan independence Shouting independence slogans A crowd quickly gathered.

Emotions were ignited This subsequently evolved into a city-wide wave of protests.

With the expansion of the population Emotional escalation Some protesters began throwing stones at government buildings and shops along the street.

arson Police retreated step by step Unable to control the situation By evening The protests have escalated into a completely out-of-control riot.

Flames erupted in the streets and alleys of Lhasa Within just a few hours, it escalated into a crisis that shocked the entire nation.

Hu Jintao, who had just arrived in Tibet from Guizhou At the time, I never imagined that I was about to become the protagonist of this storm.

Hello everyone Welcome to Second Master's Story July 1985 A directive from the Organization Department of the Central Committee Hu Jintao, who was only 43 years old, was transferred to serve as the Secretary of the Guizhou Provincial Party Committee.

He became the youngest provincial party secretary in China at the time.

The name Hu Jintao gradually became known to the public.

Hu Jintao's previous political career can be described as very fortunate.

Hu Jintao was not born into a "red" family.

His father, Hu Jingzhi, was originally from Jixi, Anhui.

He has been engaged in the tea business in Taizhou, Jiangsu for many years.

Therefore, Hu Jintao was born in Taizhou in 1942.

Hu Jingzhi's business is not big Not extremely wealthy They can only be considered a middle-class family.

His mother, Li Wenrui, was a rare intellectual woman of that era.

Graduated from Nantong Normal School I used to be a primary school teacher Because my mother is a teacher So Hu Jintao and his two younger sisters, Hu Jinrong and Hu Jinlai, during their childhood He received a good education 1959 Hu Jintao graduated from Taizhou High School He was admitted to the Department of Hydraulic Engineering at Tsinghua University with excellent grades.

I was the youngest among my classmates at the time.

His wife, Liu Yongqing, was also his classmate at Tsinghua University.

During my time at Tsinghua University Hu Jintao joined the Party early on.

And he's a typical artsy youth.

He is the branch secretary of the Tsinghua University dance team.

Participated in the large-scale musical and dance performance "The East Is Red" in 1964 After graduating from university Hu Jintao stayed at Tsinghua University as a political instructor.

His direct supervisor was Chen Shunyao He is the Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee of Tsinghua University She greatly admires Hu Jintao He can be considered a key benefactor who changed Hu Jintao's fate.

Chen Shunyao herself had no power.

But her husband is very famous.

That's a CCP elder.

Song Ping, a graduate of the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University Song Ping was admitted to the College of Agriculture at Peking University in 1934.

But a year later he transferred to the Chemistry Department at Tsinghua University.

His wife, Chen Shunyao, is a civil engineering student at Tsinghua University.

The couple hadn't graduated yet in 1938.

He then went to Yan'an to seek refuge.

From then on, he began to rise to prominence.

It can be said that this couple were the founding fathers of the Tsinghua faction within the CCP's upper echelons.

It has a very deep connection with Tsinghua University.

Therefore, he showed some consideration for his junior fellow apprentice, Hu Jintao.

That's perfectly normal.

After the start of the Cultural Revolution Hu Jintao was sent to the Liujiaxia Hydropower Station in Gansu Province in 1968.

I went to work as a technician It seems they are about to be buried in the poor and remote areas of Gansu.

But things change.

1972 Song Ping was assigned to Gansu as the provincial party secretary.

His wife, Chen Shunyao, immediately reminded him that there was a Hu Jintao at Tsinghua University.

Song Ping understood immediately Hu Jintao's fate was thus reversed.

In 1974, Song Ping directly promoted him to the Gansu Construction Committee.

He rose to the position of Deputy Director of the Gansu Provincial Construction Commission, at the deputy provincial level.

1981 Song Ping was transferred back to the central government.

He then recommended Hu Jintao to General Secretary Hu Yaobang.

Hu Yaobang was at the time vigorously promoting the professionalization, intellectualization, and rejuvenation of cadres.

Hu Jintao is a perfect candidate, tailor-made for this role.

Therefore, Hu Jintao was quickly transferred to Beijing.

He became an alternate member of the Central Committee in 1982.

In 1984, he became the First Secretary of the Communist Youth League.

Become a top leader at the ministerial level Hu Jintao was only 42 years old at the time.

1985 Hu Jintao went a step further He was transferred to serve as the Secretary of the Guizhou Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China.

For the first time, he was able to govern a region Originally, Hu Yaobang intended to appoint Hu Jintao as the Minister of Propaganda.

But...

At that time, there were already many members of the Communist Youth League faction in the central ministries.

To avoid suspicion Therefore, Hu Yaobang transferred Zhu Houze, the Party Secretary of Guizhou Province, to the position of Minister of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

Hu Jintao then replaced Zhu Houze.

Posted to Guizhou to be honest Back then, Guizhou was arguably the poorest and worst-off province in China.

There is none.

1986 Guizhou's per capita GDP is only 461 yuan.

Ranked last among all provinces in China Even poorer than Tibet As a Guizhou native That's something I deeply understand.

It wouldn't be an exaggeration to call it a godforsaken place.

It is precisely because Guizhou is poor That's why the young Hu Jintao had the opportunity to govern Guizhou.

The biggest commotion Hu Jintao made during his time in Guizhou It's in my hometown, Bijie.

An ecological poverty alleviation pilot zone was established.

So-called ecological poverty alleviation It's a three-pronged approach: ecological construction, poverty alleviation, and population control.

As a resident of Bijie who personally experienced these policies, Let's be realistic.

The results were minimal back then.

Especially the population control aspect.

That is, family planning He resorted to forced sterilization, arrests, and fines.

They even used demolished houses to carry out the operation.

This has caused many tragedies of families being torn apart and lives lost.

People from Bijie have a deep affection for Hu Jintao.

That is a reservation.

The real development of Bijie Experimental Zone That is, it's been about the last fifteen years.

Actually, it doesn't have much to do with Hu Jintao anymore.

Although his political achievements in Guizhou were unremarkable However, Hu Jintao did something that attracted the attention of the central government.

October 1988 A fight broke out at Guizhou University.

It later evolved into a major event where thousands of students took to the streets to demonstrate.

Faced with this situation Hu Jintao handled it reasonably well.

He personally engaged in dialogue and negotiation with the protesting university students.

In the end?

The matter was resolved quickly.

This seemingly insignificant little thing Why did this attract the attention of the central government?

Because at the same time Something happened in Tibet 1987 When the Dalai Lama visited the United States The Five-Point Peace Plan was proposed in its second year.

During his visit to Europe Six suggestions were put forward.

In summary The Dalai Lama is demanding equal negotiations with the central government.

Under the premise of acknowledging that Tibet will not separate from China It implements a different legal and administrative system than the mainland.

And these requirements This requirement is especially true for the Tibetan region.

It is clear that the CCP would absolutely not agree to this.

After the Dalai Lama's demands were relayed back to Tibet This immediately sparked large-scale demonstrations and riots across Tibet.

The period lasted until early 1989.

Wu Jinghua, who was then the Party Secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Region He is of Yi ethnicity.

It is a relatively rare case of a leader from an ethnic minority group.

The CCP sent him to Tibet He actually wanted to use his ethnic minority identity...

To quell the situation in Tibet But Wu Jinghua is a person...

He is rather mild-mannered At that time, Hu Yaobang's "two less and one lenient" policy towards ethnic minorities was strictly implemented.

Special tolerance towards religion The number of monasteries and lamas in Tibet has also recovered rapidly.

Before the Cultural Revolution Religion's influence in Tibet is growing day by day, so what?

Wu Jinghua is also jokingly called the Lama Secretary.

Such a result This also led to Wu Jinghua's tenure The turbulent situation in Tibet has not subsided.

It is becoming increasingly difficult to control Wu Jinghua herself was also disheartened.

I simply made up an excuse Long-term medical treatment in Beijing Deng Xiaoping was extremely dissatisfied with him That's why they started thinking about replacing Wu Jinghua.

Just at this time Song Ping recommended Hu Jintao Hu Jintao has just quelled a student protest in Guizhou.

And still young and energetic This job is perfect for cleaning up messes.

Subsequently December 1988 Deng Xiaoping made the decision to have Hu Jintao succeed Wu Jinghua.

Appointed as Party Secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Region To be honest At the time, this appointment was significant for Hu Jintao.

It's definitely not a good thing.

Because of dealing with long-standing ethnic disputes It's always been a thankless task.

Doing a good job will get you scolded If you don't do a good job, you'll definitely have to take the blame.

Therefore, some of Hu Jintao's subordinates in Guizhou advised him against it.

It's so chaotic over there.

I might as well stay in Guizhou.

But Deng Xiaoping specifically named Hu Jintao had no right to refuse.

This also marked the beginning of his Lhasa Tiger adventure.

Ethnic conflicts and calls for independence in Tibet That has a long history.

After the Qing Dynasty defeated the Khoshut Khanate established by the Mongols in Tibet They began to directly control Tibet While supporting the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama as religious leaders to rule Tibet The Qing Dynasty began again with the Yongzheng Emperor.

A Resident Minister was directly established in Tibet.

In reality, it was a central representative controlling the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.

All major policies and guidelines for Tibet were to be discussed and decided through the resident minister.

Let me give you a small example.

Although the Dalai Lama is the nominal supreme leader of Tibet However, he was not qualified to submit memorials directly to the emperor.

It must be done through the Resident Minister in Tibet 1751 After the Qing Dynasty quelled the rebellion of Tibetan local nobles The "Regulations for the Settlement of Tibetan Residents" were also promulgated.

The decision was made to station 1,500 soldiers in Tibet year-round as a deterrent.

So Tibet was in the Qing Dynasty.

Although it was nominally a vassal state However, it is different from vassal states like Korea, which have complete autonomy in their internal affairs.

Tibet's internal affairs were largely controlled by the Manchu Qing dynasty.

What about his status?

It's actually more like Hong Kong today.

Tibet has truly gained full autonomy.

It was after the fall of the Qing Dynasty At that time, the central government's garrison withdrew.

The mainland is in complete chaos The Dalai Lama regime has, for the first time, completely controlled Tibet.

Therefore, the 13th Dalai Lama initially relied on Russia.

Later they sought refuge with Britain.

They wanted to take advantage of the fact that the central government was preoccupied with other matters.

Seeking de facto independence This also led to Zhao Erfeng, the Governor-General of Sichuan in the late Qing Dynasty, leading the Sichuan Army into Tibet to quell the rebellion.

The title of the 13th Dalai Lama was directly abolished.

The 13th Dalai Lama in exile in India After the establishment of the Republic of China 1914 He signed the Simla Treaty with Britain.

The southern Tibetan region, which has historically belonged to Tibet Approximately 90,000 square kilometers of land were ceded to British India.

In order to exchange this for Britain Support the promotion of Tibetan independence The Qing Dynasty had already collapsed by then.

After the Beiyang government took over, it learned of the 13th Dalai Lama's plan.

Extremely angry Yuan Shikai refused to recognize the Simla Treaty The South Tibet issue has plagued China and India to this day.

That's how it came about.

But the British are very cunning.

Although they obtained the land However, it did not support Tibetan independence.

Because that's why the British were after Tibet.

His sole purpose was to prevent Russia's sphere of influence from expanding into Tibet.

Impact on India so what He hoped that Tibet would serve as a buffer zone.

Tibet is truly independent.

That would definitely offend the Beiyang government.

So the British simply stopped mentioning it.

The 13th Dalai Lama's attempt to gain independence failed.

He could only go with the flow Ultimately abandoned independence Call Yuan Shikai Support the Republic Yuan Shikai then took the opportunity to back down.

The title of the 13th Dalai Lama has been restored.

But...

The central government at that time was plagued by internal strife.

There was simply no extra energy left to care about things in Tibet.

They even closed their office in Tibet.

Until 1933 Huang Musong, a representative of the Republic of China government, entered Tibet to attend the funeral of the 13th Dalai Lama.

The central government has just established another office in Lhasa, but...

The impact is very limited.

This period Tibet is actually in a state of complete autonomy.

This de facto independence It was officially declared over after 1949.

The CCP, riding on the lingering power of its unified empire Crossing the Jinsha River in 1950 marching into Lhasa Under pressure The Tibetan government, the Kashag, was established in May 1951.

Signed in Beijing Agreement between the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet This is what we commonly refer to as the Seventeen-Point Agreement.

Articles 4 through 7 of this agreement Clarify the current political system in Tibet The inherent status and authority of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama The central government will not change it.

Officials at all levels continue to perform their duties as usual.

This is the earliest example of the CCP's "one country, two systems" policy.

The "one country, two systems" thing...

How well have Hong Kong and Macau implemented these practices?

I don't need to say anything more.

And Tibet is even more tragic.

It hasn't even been ten years yet.

It just couldn't be put into practice.

The mid-to-late 1950s Large-scale political movements began to sweep across the country.

Tibet was not spared either.

The CCP began in 1955 Just like in mainland China.

Promoting agricultural collectivization and religious reform in Tibetan areas Agricultural collectivization meant confiscating farmers' assets.

The Reformation was the suppression of Buddhism.

The specific process...

You can check out my previous video specifically about Tibet: The Landslide of the Plateau I won't go into details here.

Tibet's economic level was already very backward.

These two policies have caused a lot of trouble.

It's even worse than in mainland China.

Starving people are everywhere in Tibet.

People are living in misery Both economic and cultural traditions suffered devastating damage.

This sparked large-scale resistance.

The People's Liberation Army later sent troops to suppress the rebellion.

This ultimately led to the Dalai Lama's escape in 1959.

After the Dalai Lama fled to India The CCP swiftly launched so-called socialist transformation and religious reform in Tibetan areas.

Repressive rule was implemented in Tibetan areas.

Religious temples were destroyed Traditional culture is severed This has led to a great deal of discontent among Tibetans.

After the reform and opening up began in 1978...

The central government's ethnic policies only then began to shift.

The focus shifted from high-pressure control to correcting past mistakes.

During Hu Yaobang's administration in 1983 The principle of "two less and one more lenient" was also proposed.

In other words, we should adhere to the principle of arresting and killing fewer criminals from ethnic minorities.

In handling this matter, we should be as lenient as possible.

At the same time?

Large-scale elimination of intervention in religious culture The temple was restored The Buddha statue was rebuilt Tibetan language education and local traditional etiquette?

Also allowed to be restored These sudden easing This immediately released the religious and ethnic sentiments that Tibetans had suppressed for more than 20 years.

As a result, voices expressing dissatisfaction gradually increased.

At the same time The Dalai Lama as the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people Activities overseas have also changed.

Mid-1980s The Dalai Lama began to abandon the idea of ​​armed independence.

To engage more proactively with the international community A self-governing model of the middle road was proposed.

It gained widespread exposure in the West.

in this case From March 1987 Scattered processions of lamas have appeared in various parts of Tibet.

These protests were all suppressed without exception.

The Dalai Lama seized the opportunity Send a delegation to the United States to lobby Successfully persuaded hawkish members of the U.S. Congress

They met on June 18, 1987.

A resolution on the oppression of human rights in Tibet by the Chinese Communist Party was adopted.

The bill argues that the Chinese Communist Party has violated the human rights and religious freedom of Tibetans.

It is against this backdrop September 1987 The Dalai Lama was invited to visit the United States.

The U.S. Congress issued a five-point peace plan.

What are the five points? First

Transform the entire Tibet region into a peaceful area No troops will be stationed there.

The second halt to the immigration policy in Tibetan areas Third, respect the human rights and fundamental rights of Tibetans.

Fourth, rebuild and protect Tibet's natural environment.

Fifth, to hold genuine talks on the future, status, and Han-Tibetan relations of Tibet.

What are the five points about the Dalai Lama?

To be honest It's not that radical.

But some of the terms...

For example, not stationing troops there.

Negotiate on the future of Tibet.

These are things that the CCP...

This endangers the issue of sovereignty.

That's unacceptable.

Therefore, the CCP launched a scathing attack on the Dalai Lama's five suggestions.

A firm refusal but The Dalai Lama's speech was very well received in the international community.

Especially after it was transmitted back to the Tibetan region This has attracted considerable attention among young monks.

It is regarded as a symbol of international recognition, so what?

Various protests in Tibet, especially in Lhasa Emerging continuously between 1987 and 1988 The protesters were initially mainly monks.

But it quickly attracted many young Tibetans to participate.

Violence also occurred during this period.

This led to a rapid escalation of the situation in Tibet.

When Hu Jintao took office in Tibet in January 1989...

What they faced was a climate of fear and uncertainty in the Tibetan region.

A situation of war on all sides Previous Tibet Party Committee Secretaries Those were all former soldiers.

Veteran cadres with military background Including his predecessor, Wu Jinghua And Hu Jintao himself...

Not only did he never serve in the military His political career, compared to these veterans, is relatively short.

There's a big difference.

in this case To be honest, sending him to quell the unrest in Tibet...

The top leadership of the CCP, including Deng Xiaoping I don't even trust myself Therefore, Deng Xiaoping wanted to find an assistant for Hu Jintao.

And who is this helper?

The 10th Panchen Lama Both the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama belong to the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism.

That is, the leader of the Yellow Sect In terms of religious status They are the same.

The Dalai Lama is claimed to be the reincarnation of Guanyin.

The Panchen Lama is said to be the reincarnation of Amitabha Buddha.

These two immortals!

In Buddhism, they are equals.

The Yellow Sect has four great living Buddhas They are theoretically on equal footing.

They were appointed as emperors by the Manchus back then.

This is to prevent one company from becoming dominant.

Each department manages its own area, with checks and balances on each other.

For example, the Panchen Lama.

He is actually from Shigatse region That is, the administrative head of the Tsang region.

He has his own independent administrative team.

He is only slightly lower than the Dalai Lama in terms of administrative status.

The 10th Panchen Lama...

He as a religious leader His life was also very legendary.

He was born in 1938 He is the same age as the 14th Dalai Lama.

He is only three years younger than the Dalai Lama When the Dalai Lama fled in 1959 The Panchen Lama was only twenty-one years old.

However, he did not choose to go with the Dalai Lama.

Instead, they stayed.

Traveling from Shigatse to Lhasa He replaced the Dalai Lama as the director of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region.

And this choice This also caused him a lot of suffering afterward.

In 1962 The young Panchen Lama was full of vigor and vitality.

I simply can't stand by and watch the socialist transformation in the Tibetan areas anymore.

After extensive research and field visits He wrote a letter to Mao Zedong in an extremely humble manner.

It is called the 70,000-word letter That's what it says.

A massive wave of destruction of Buddhist statues, scriptures, and stupas swept across Tibetan areas.

Open and unbridled insults to religion Using the Tripitaka as raw material for composting Due to extremely limited food rations Even the bare minimum of living should not be enough to barely fill one's stomach.

Oil residue, which was previously used as livestock feed in Tibetan areas, Wheat bran and other similar foods became rare treats for the people.

The 10th Panchen Lama said these things.

I'm not actually complaining.

Instead, they hope for the top leadership of the CCP.

Show mercy Stop messing around.

But Mao didn't think so.

After seeing the Panchen Lama's 70,000-word letter Furious This report was directly characterized as a counter-offensive by the enemies of the proletariat.

Subsequently, the 10th Panchen Lama was stripped of all his posts.

Drag them out and criticize them He was imprisoned in Qincheng Prison He spent a full ten years in prison.

He was in prison.

Relying on a Xinhua Dictionary and Chairman Mao's Quotations I taught myself Chinese.

He can be described as a very intelligent person.

After Deng Xiaoping came to power in 1978 The Panchen Lama was just released.

He was reinstated as a religious leader, but what about...?

Still restricted to Beijing Unable to return to Tibet During this period, the Panchen Lama felt that life was too short.

He was moved by worldly desires.

So he asked to marry him.

Someone introduced him to Li Jie, a descendant of a military family.

This Li Jie is the granddaughter of General Dong Qiwu, commander of the 69th Army of the Chinese Communist Party.

I was very young then She is a student at the Fourth Military Medical University Their marriage was specially approved by Deng Xiaoping.

After marriage, she gave birth to a daughter named Jiren Wangmu.

Let me explain.

Tibetan Buddhism is different from Buddhism in Central China.

Some of his sects do indeed allow lamas to marry.

But getting married would be considered breaking the vow.

Therefore, one can no longer wear the robes that represent a person who has left home to become a monk.

So everyone should pay attention to one detail.

After the Panchen Lama got married...

He never wore a monk's robe again.

He was wearing ordinary Tibetan clothing.

Although the Panchen Lama is married However, this does not affect his religious status.

Because of his experience of being imprisoned for speaking out bravely during the Cultural Revolution.

So in the hearts of Tibetans...

Its status is still very high.

Second only to the Dalai Lama Deng Xiaoping during the Tibetan turmoil Thinking of the Panchen Lama Let him cooperate with Hu Jintao to quell the rebellion To be honest, this approach is quite clever.

It's also quite realistic.

Because of the Panchen Lama's appeal among Tibetans That's something Hu Jintao simply can't compare to.

The initial results were very good.

But what Deng Xiaoping never anticipated was...

An accident turned this good thing into a bad thing.

January 9, 1989 The 10th Panchen Lama returned to Tibet from Beijing on a special plane.

They received the worship of Tibetan people along the way.

January 14th The Panchen Lama and Hu Jintao, who had recently taken office, visited Shigatse together.

The consecration ceremony for the stupas of the previous Panchen Lamas was held.

After that, he traveled non-stop throughout Tibet to reassure the people.

In these activities The Panchen Lama, who has been suppressed for decades I couldn't hold back any longer The CCP's destruction of Tibetan religion and culture during various political movements.

Public criticisms were raised.

He believes that the CCP's rule over Tibet for thirty years The price paid by Tibetans outweighs the benefits of development.

Severe handling of Tibetan demonstrations In reality, it's about repeatedly making the same mistakes.

He even publicly said this sensitive thing.

The Dalai Lama and I are both disciples of Tsongkhapa.

At this grand consecration ceremony I miss my fellow believer, the Dalai Lama.

This statement directly overturns the CCP's perception of the Dalai Lama.

It can be said to be an open attempt to vindicate the Dalai Lama.

And just a few days after saying this That is, January 28, 1989 Because of the continuous travel Panchen Lama suffers sudden heart attack Wen Jiabao, the then-class teacher, even led a medical team to Shigatse to rescue him.

But unfortunately The Panchen Lama eventually passed away.

His death In the eyes of the Tibetans at that time That would be hard to accept.

Because the Panchen Lama just returned.

Just a few days ago, he also harshly criticized the CCP's Tibet policy.

He suddenly left.

It's hard for ordinary people not to overthink things.

Conspiracy theories about the murder of the Panchen Lama began to circulate from then on.

This is terrible!

The situation in Tibet, which had just stabilized Instead, it stirred up even bigger waves.

The pent-up discontent among Tibetans, accumulated over many years, erupted uncontrollably.

February 7th The snow lion flag, symbolizing Tibetan independence, was hung at the entrance of the main hall of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa.

A great storm is coming.

I already said that.

September 21, 1987 The Dalai Lama delivers a speech to the US Congress.

A five-point peace plan was proposed.

This provoked Deng Xiaoping's fury.

This is not an extreme plan Why did it anger Deng Xiaoping?

Because before...

Between the Dalai Lama's government-in-exile and the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party In fact, a secret communication channel has already been established.

The contact person was the Dalai Lama's older brother, Gyalo Thondup.

During the Republic of China era, Jiale Dunzhu I was educated in Nanjing His Chinese is very good.

His wife is also Han Chinese.

After the Dalai Lama fled to India...

He fled to Hong Kong and settled there.

After the reform and opening up The Dalai Lama sent him as his representative to meet with Deng Xiaoping in Beijing.

At that time, Deng Xiaoping said to him What's past is past.

Everything is negotiable except for independence.

What happened next?

The two sides also held several secret talks on this basis.

They even allowed the Dalai Lama to return to Tibet.

These have all been discussed.

In this context The Dalai Lama suddenly went to the United States to issue five suggestions.

In Deng Xiaoping's view You didn't communicate beforehand Instead, he went to the United States to spread rumors.

This is blaming foreign powers for one's own benefit.

So it's not surprising that Deng Xiaoping was angry.

To express a tough stance Deng Xiaoping also made a mistake that exacerbated the contradictions.

Three days after the Dalai Lama's speech That is, September 24, 1987 The CCP held a public trial in Lhasa.

Fifteen thousand Tibetans were summoned to the Tibet Stadium in Lhasa.

Public trial of a group of Tibetans who planned the riot Two people were sentenced to death and to be executed that same day.

Eight other people were sentenced to prison terms. This act of making an example of someone is tantamount to adding fuel to the fire.

The Dalai Lama held a press conference in the United States that same day.

Claiming that Tibet is not part of China Tibet is an independent country After this confrontational sentiment was stirred up This is very difficult to handle.

Starting from September 27, 1987 In Lhasa, lamas and Tibetans began chanting slogans for Tibetan independence.

Hold a march and demonstration This ignited the flames of turmoil.

Especially from October 1987 to March 1988 Lhasa has experienced several riots Protesters stormed government buildings They even looted restaurants and shops on Beijing Road.

A Tibetan armed police officer was killed.

The situation is getting worse every day.

More than seventy Tibetan students from the Central University for Nationalities in Beijing On December 19, 1988, they even went to demonstrate near Tiananmen Square.

The center of the vibration Then in January 1989 The Panchen Lama passed away suddenly again.

This will further destabilize the situation.

Monks from several major monasteries, including Jokhang Temple, Drepung Monastery, and Sera Monastery.

They plotted to hold a larger-scale protest later.

This led to the scene I described earlier.

February 7th Lamas have hung the Snow Lion Flag at the entrance of the famous Jokhang Temple's main hall.

Let me introduce it here.

This snow lion flag is the flag of the Tibetan people.

It wasn't actually designed by Tibetans.

It was the military flag designed by Emperor Qianlong for the Tibetan army.

During the Qianlong era The Gurkha invasion of Tibet from Nepal In order to establish a permanent local resistance force Emperor Qianlong established a Tibetan army force of approximately three thousand men.

Furthermore, a snow lion flag was designed as the military flag for this unit.

Later, the 13th Dalai Lama staged an independence movement during the Beiyang government period.

He simply took the military flag and used it as the flag of Tibet.

The Snow Lion Flag has since become a symbol of the Tibetan people.

Hang up this flag That would mean the situation is quite serious.

Subsequently, the Tibetan Armed Police Force entered the Jokhang Temple.

The flag was forcibly confiscated Furthermore, some lamas were arrested.

This quickly escalated the conflict.

This led to even larger-scale protests.

Lhasa from February 13th to early March During this period Four protests of varying sizes occurred.

The entrance of Jokhang Temple Almost every day, lamas and Tibetans refuse to protest.

Other areas of Tibet For example, places like Shigatse, Nagqu, and Chamdo.

Riots of varying degrees also occurred in all of them.

At this time Hu Jintao, as the top leader of Tibet Facing the situation in Tibet that is on the verge of spiraling out of control immense pressure During this period Three urgent telegrams were sent to the Central Committee in succession.

We hope to receive the highest-level decision-making opinion and specific instructions.

Yan Mingfu, then Minister of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee He reported to Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang.

However, both Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang underestimated the complexity of the situation in Tibet.

So there was no reply for half a month.

It was delayed until March 4, 1989.

Under Hu Jintao's repeated reports The General Office of the Central Committee then responded.

Ten suggestions were put forward.

These ten points...

To summarize The core is three points The first step was to mobilize the People's Armed Police Force to participate in the suppression and cooperate with the public security forces.

To gain full control of the situation in Tibet Secondly, block all major border crossings and highways in Tibet.

Forced evacuation of foreign tourists Complete information blockade Thirdly, we must strengthen surveillance of major monasteries in Tibet.

Lamas are not allowed to engage in collusion.

With this imperial edict from the central government That evening Hu Jintao then selected four regiments from the Tibet Armed Police Corps.

More than 6,000 people All nuclear weapons and live ammunition have been deployed to Lhasa.

Prepare to control the situation At the same time?

Hu Jintao also notified the 52nd Brigade of the Lingzhi Field Army, which was 300 kilometers away.

Ready to go Preparing to rush to Lhasa However, news of the large-scale entry of the armed police into the city in preparation for suppression...

It spread very quickly This further exacerbated the conflict.

Then the next day That is, March 5th Upon receiving the news, 20,000 Lhasa residents gathered in the area near the Jokhang Temple.

The parade began with the snow lion flag raised high.

Oppose the entry of armed police into the city It then escalated into riots.

Many shops and government offices in the surrounding area were smashed and burned.

The entire old city of Lhasa is almost out of control.

That evening Seeing that Lhasa was on the verge of spiraling out of control, Hu Jintao made the decision to use force.

Armed Police Force Begins Encirclement of Lhasa's Old City Tear gas was used to begin clearing the area.

Throughout the process The clashes between protesters and armed police were extremely fierce.

Lhasa's central urban area is almost a battlefield.

Armed Police adopted a division tactic All monks and Tibetans who resisted were arrested.

They even rushed directly into the Jokhang Temple.

Arrest the monks who were hiding here to participate in the protest one by one.

The devastating riots did not gradually subside until 5 p.m. on March 6.

According to a report by Tang Daxian, a reporter from the Beijing Youth Daily who was in Lhasa at the time.

As an official journalist at the time, he saw an internal report from the Lhasa Public Security Bureau.

He leaked the report to The New York Times.

According to this report...

The crackdown resulted in the deaths of 387 Lhasa residents.

721 people injured 2,100 people were detained 82 monks died 37 people injured 650 people were detained This data shows that...

How tragic Lhasa was back then!

Hu Jintao then sent another telegram to the central government.

Demands permission to impose martial law in Lhasa Furthermore, it authorizes the armed police and military to forcibly restore order if necessary.

After receiving the report, Beijing The decision was made personally by Deng Xiaoping.

Finally, Premier Li Peng of the State Council announced that martial law would be imposed in Lhasa starting March 8th.

On that day, under Hu Jintao's instructions Armed police surrounded the last stronghold of the protesters.

Drepung Monastery, a famous monastery in Lhasa The last snow lion flag was torn down.

The crackdown in Lhasa has finally come to an end.

With the cessation of the Lhasa riots Protests in other parts of Tibet have also gradually subsided.

At the time, when Western media were reporting on this matter...

Naming Hu Jintao the Tiger of Lhasa The tigers here It doesn't mean "impressive".

It means cannibalism.

It is inherently a derogatory term.

Because this reputation was established in an extremely bloody atmosphere.

The martial law in the entire Lhasa area lasted for more than a year.

Until May 1, 1990 The lifting of martial law was just announced The matter was quickly quelled The subsequent adjustment of the CCP's ethnic policies This had a decisive impact on Hu Jintao's political career.

Having tasted the benefits of iron-fisted policies The CCP's approach to governing ethnic minority areas The approach shifted from appeasement and inclusiveness during Hu Yaobang's era to a control-first policy.

Hu Jintao's performance in this operation It also gained Deng Xiaoping's approval.

Entering the candidate's field of vision for succession Actually, in a normal year...

What Hu Jintao did in Lhasa The killing was so heavy It's easy to be blamed.

After all, so much blood was lost Even if you have rendered meritorious service to the Party and the country It can only be said that his merits and demerits were equally mixed.

It is difficult to establish this achievement as a way to ascend to the throne.

When Wang Zhen marched into Xinjiang He killed far more people than Hu Jintao.

It's not certain he'll be promoted.

But 1989...

Everyone knows that this was a very special year for China.

Hu Jintao has just stabilized the situation in Tibet.

This was followed by the more significant and far-reaching Tiananmen Square incident.

Protests sweeping the country This led to a split within the top leadership of the CCP.

Ultimately, Deng Xiaoping once again resorted to force.

He did not hesitate to replace Zhao Ziyang, whom he had promoted.

The situation was only calmed down by massacring people in Tiananmen Square.

The occurrence of the June Fourth Incident It left all the CCP's elders with lingering fear.

Fear and anxiety about preserving power This caused the entire top leadership of the CCP to shift to the left at that time.

Therefore, in terms of choosing a successor Politically reliable and decisive This became the priority quality consideration.

The reason why Jiang Zemin was able to rise to power To a large extent, it was because of his role in the June Fourth Incident.

The turmoil sparked by the World Herald in Shanghai was decisively suppressed.

Hu Jintao's succession follows the same logic.

In the Lhasa incident It exhibits a high degree of obedience Quickly implement a willingness to take responsibility This was exactly what Deng Xiaoping wanted.

After June 4th Deng Xiaoping was concerned about the risk of another Zhao Ziyang emerging.

It's unacceptable.

Therefore, in his consideration of successors This shifted the focus from reform capacity to political reliability.

Hu Jintao provided an exemplary model at this very moment.

For Deng Xiaoping A person without factional background and ideological baggage Without demands for reform, they are absolutely obedient to the central government.

People who can do the dirty work in a crisis This is the ideal successor.

Such a person Even though he is mediocre But at least they won't be like Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang.

Because of the idea of ​​political reform Deviating from one's own path Endangering the Party's ideology This is precisely the quality that Deng Xiaoping valued most in his successor.

And what about Jiang Zemin, whom Chen Yun promoted?

Actually, I've never been satisfied.

Viewers who have read my previous account of Jiang Zemin's rise to power should know this.

Deng Xiaoping actually considered replacing Jiang Zemin many times.

Until Jiang Zemin betrayed Chen Yun He pledged allegiance after his southern tour.

Only then did they reluctantly give up.

However, due to this unease Deng Xiaoping spared no expense He had designated Hu Jintao as his successor after Jiang Zemin before his death.

This can be seen as a way of planning ahead for the route he takes.

So that no one else might change his course.

Dig up his grave Therefore, in the power structure after June Fourth Hu Jintao received a rocket-like rapid promotion.

He joined the Secretariat of the Central Committee in 1990.

He became a member of the Politburo Standing Committee in 1992 at the age of 49.

In 1993, he also served as Vice President of the People's Republic of China.

He secured his position as crown prince He finally took over as General Secretary in 2002.

Although Hu Jintao can be considered Deng Xiaoping's successor...

However, from the perspective of the CCP's political logic in choosing a successor It wasn't really an accident.

Just like Mao Zedong chose Hua Guofeng, a kind and honest teacher, to help him get out of prison before his death.

Whether the successor is capable or not is not actually important.

Most importantly, he can maintain the stability of the system.

I won't dig up my own ancestral graves This is in the Party's interest.

It is based on this logic.

When Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao later chose their successors...

He also did not choose the progressive reformers.

People like Wang Yang, Li Yuanchao, and Li Keqiang Ultimately, they chose the one whose bloodline seemed more reliable and whose lineage more ordinary.

Xi Jinping, who appears harmless However, they all misjudged the situation in the end.

To be honest...

If we change the era If there hadn't been a crisis like the one in 1989 Within the seniority-based system of the Chinese Communist Party It's definitely not Hu Jintao's turn to succeed him.

He might be like many members of the Communist Youth League faction.

Take a tour around the area Ultimately, he was able to return to Beijing to serve as a vice premier.

This might be the end.

But the special circumstances of 1989 The CCP's path to political reform came to an abrupt halt.

Unexpectedly, he was brought to prominence as the "Tiger of Lhasa".

certainly Hu Jintao did indeed act as Deng Xiaoping had imagined.

As a ruler who maintains the status quo His ten years in power It smoothly continued Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. From an economic perspective, it's acceptable.

However, they viewed political reform as a formidable enemy.

In terms of open-mindedness, he is even more conservative than Jiang Zemin.

The famous statement, "North Korea has always been correct in its ideological control," That is Hu Jintao's famous quote Therefore, the Chinese economy under his rule While developing rapidly It also lost the opportunity and window for a peaceful political transition.

But this is precisely the most tragic aspect of the CCP system.

A system that evaluates performance entirely based on execution and loyalty.

The leaders he selected It must meet the requirements of the system.

To safeguard the interests of the system He is unlikely to possess a strong reformist drive.

They also cannot possess the political thinking of modern leaders.

Because he encouraged maintaining the status quo.

Instead of pioneering Therefore, after Zhao Ziyang, the CCP...

There has never been a supreme leader who dared to make any progress in political reform.

These are all inevitable results.

A system that can only reward political reliability Ultimately, it will turn the country into a closed iron house.

No one can break the window No one dared to break the window.

All the successors They were all just pushed up to guard the door of this iron house.

Instead of finding a new way out for him Therefore, he will only become more and more sullen and withdrawn.

Until collapse good Thank you for watching today's story about Second Master.

See you next time!