Harvard Professor: REVEALING The 7 Big LIES About Exercise, Sleep, Running, Cancer & Sugar!!!

a lot of people exercise because they believe it will help them to lose fat one of the biggest debates on the planet what advice have you got for me so this is not a well-known fact but Daniel liberman he studies and teaches how

humans are supposed to live author and professor at Harvard University exercise disease sleep nutrition he has the answers on all of those things that most of us care about we evolve to be very Physically Active working in the fields

hunting Gathering but now we live in a world where only 50% of Americans ever exercise and the rest of the world is headed our way cancers depression anxiety can attribute that to less physical activity in fact women who get

150 minutes of physical activity a week have a 30 to 50% lower breast cancer risks and it's crazy right problem is that we spend 3% of our medical Budget

on prevention and yet 75% of the time the disease is a preventable disease it's a completely backward stupid system when you started writing this book about exercise was there any instant changes that you implemented into your own life

strength training the more I study the importance of doing weights especially as you age the more I start kicking myself for being lazy about that when people retire they become less active they tend to lose muscle and then that starts off a vicious cycle so would you

say we shouldn't retire it's a very modern Western concept and yes we do pay a price for it so how does one go from having a negative opinion towards exercise to becoming an exerciser as an

evolutionary biologist there are multiple ways of doing that so Daniel what are some of the biggest myths within exercise gosh there are so many

one of the most common of course is Daniel Lieberman he's been to every corner of the world visiting native tribes to understand how humans are

supposed to live and now he has the answers on all of those things that most of us care about on sleep nutrition exercise disease you know on disease he

says that 74% of them can be prevented and he knows how to prevent them aging running are we born to run he tells me the story of a CEO that forces his

employees to exercise excise and the impact that that's had on that company and he talks about how as humans we've evolved to either use it or lose it so

maybe maybe retirement is a really bad idea for many of us one of the most thought-provoking pivotal conversations I've had on this show you're really

going to take a lot from this one and I suspect after listening you'll probably start running too for exercise or from some of the decisions you've spent your

life [Music] making Daniel your work is so so

incredibly impressive reaches such an incredible depth Charters new territory and it's been an

unbelievable clearly very passion driven career you had so my first question for you is why are you doing this um it's a good question um I um you know I started off being obsessed by

human evolution I ever since I was a kid I was really interested in human evolution and I spent much of my early career working on skulls and heads and why they are the way they are and then I kind of got involved in public health

and issues of health and disease kind of through the back door I sort of slowly shifted my research trajectory toward studying the evolution of running and then the evolution of physical activity and its relationship to health and

disease and and I've become part of a movement that's often known as evolutionary medicine which is how to apply evolutionary theory and data to issues of health and disease evolutionary medicine I've never heard

that term before but I love it where has your work on evolutionary medicine let's call it where has that taken you where where has it taken you

to learn to research to study you know so much of what we think about in terms of health and disease comes from a tiny fragment of the world's population almost entirely like 90% of all the

medical information comes from people from the United States Canada Europe and Australia so in order to to study how bodies really work and how our bodies

evolv to be you have to leave uh places like Boston where I live and go to places like Africa or Mexico or wherever to look at at at other populations and look at how those populations are

transitioning to to Lifestyles like mine and so uh we've been working in Kenya um for the last 15 years or so um I've traveled some other parts of the world as well India you know to kind of

collect some data but uh but mostly in mostly in Africa after doing all of this work and after taking in all of this information how has it shifted your perspective on running exercise more

broadly what have there been any sort of significant cognitive perception changes you know yeah um I actually had a I mean doesn't happen very often but I had kind

of an epiphany moment um when I was working in Mexico we were collecting data on the Taro very also famous for their longdistance running and uh there was this elderly guy he's about 70

something years old and he's famous for his distance running and I was asking him how he trained and I had asked this question of a whole bunch of other people and the translator I was working with was always struggling to ask that question because it turns out there's no

word for training in in that language the concept of training doesn't exist so so so she was trying to explain to this guy what my question was um I could even without a translator I could figure out just from his tone of voice he was like

why would anybody run if you didn't have to and I suddenly realized yeah of course exercise is a very weird thing right well if you're if you're a farmer and you're working super hard every day in

the fields without machines and whatever or if you're a hunter gather and you're walking you know you know 5 to 10 miles a day and digging and throwing you know doing all kinds of hard work and you're barely getting enough enough food why on

Earth would you go for a needless five mile run in the morning I it's crazy right the most viewed videos of yours and the most viewed moments in those videos

address one question do you you have any idea what it might be no actually the biggest myths in exercise right I think you actually pointed out one there with

the um Insight you got in Mexico the way we exercise going to gyms practicing is then natural or human but evidently it's it's a consequence of the privilege

of our lives and the Comfort we have of not having to seek out our dinner every day what are some of the other biggest U myths with within exercise that um

you've come across in writing this book gosh there are so many I had to actually limit limit it to 10 so I think um if you want to understand physical activity and exercise you also have to understand

inactivity and I think one of the biggest myths out there is that you need eight hours of sleep at night um and that sitting is than new smoking you know that that basically and I if if you think about those two different myths U

why is it that we're constantly told to sleep more and to sit less actually it's seems a little contradictory to me right and it turns out that um um that let's

take sitting first so um you know there are all these uh you know the slogans like sitting as then you're smoking and it's really bad for you and you know every time you sit in your chair you lose two hours of your life and whatever

uh turns out that um all animals sit right my dog sits um cows sit chickens sit every animal sits and hunter gatherers also sit in fact if you some of my students actually put sensors on

Hunter gathers and when we're doing some research in Farmers as well well but they sit just as much as westerners um uh so sitting is there's nothing special about being uh about today's life it's sitting that it's that we sit all day

long and don't do anything when we're not sitting right so if you and furthermore the the big distance difference is not so much how much we sit but how how we sit so turns out that

people who um if you get up every once in a while right interrupted sitting is actually much more healthy than non-interrupted sitting for the same amount of time so in other words two

people might in in the west people sit for an average about 40 minutes at a at about whereas hunter gatherers for example or farmers in Africa where we work get up every about 10 15 minutes and when you do that you actually it's

like turning on the engine of your car you don't drive it around the block you're you're your your um your turning on all kinds of cellular mechanisms you lower blood sugar levels you all kinds

of genes get activated and it turns out that that is by far the most important um uh way to way to sit so just get up every once in a while just pee frequently make a cup of tea you know pet your dog whatever thinking when I'm

on planes and I've got a long flight I just I always sit in the aisle right so I can get up a lot always and um what about sleep then so sleep is another interesting one so this

idea that you know um that you need eight hours of sleep has been around for a long time it's been around basically since the Industrial Revolution um but um if you actually so so colleagues in

my field so in evolutionary medicine have put sensors on people who don't have have all the things that we're told have destroyed sleep so think about it we're told that TV and lights and and uh

you know our phones and all these things are are preventing us from sleeping you know Edison destroyed sleep right uh so so when you put sensors on people who don't have any electricity and they

don't have TVs and they don't have phones and they don't have have any of these gadgetry right electric they it turns out they sleep like six to seven

hours a night um and um they they don't nap um so this idea that natural human being sleep 8 hours a night is Just is just nonsense it's just not true and

furthermore when you start looking at the data 7 hours if you actually look at if you graph sort of how many hours a night you sleep on the x-axis and sort of uh you know some outcome like

cardiovascular disease or just How likely you are to die it's kind of a U-shaped curve so people don't get much sleep are are in trouble um but the bottom of that curve is pretty much

always about seven hours so people actually do better they sleep seven hours rather than eight hours and yet we're told that if you don't sleep eight hours there's something wrong right oh so you can

oversleep well yeah I mean there's also some complexity to this too because of course people who are ill might be sleeping more and so there's some there's some biases that creep into the how you analyze the data but but basically it turns out that seven is for

most people optimal but there's a lot of variation right every you know teenagers sleep more older people sleep less it's complicated one of the things popular in culture as well is this idea of doing

10,000 steps a day yeah now that's fun you know that started because of a Japanese pomet podometer um so right before the the Olympics were in Tokyo in the in the 60s uh they had invented the

pedometer and they were in sitting in a boardroom and they were discussing what to call the pedometer and they picked out of just out of the blue they picked 10,000 steps because that's apparently an auspicious number and it sounded

about right there was no science behind it interestingly it turns out it's pretty good um if you act if you look at at step per day and health

outcomes um your average Hunter gather um walks between 10 to 18,000 steps depends on male female Etc and and if you look at steps per day

and and outcomes um um about around seven to 8,000 steps the curve kind of bottoms out right there's doesn't seem to be a huge advantage to taking more than that per day in terms

of you know large epidemiological studies so it turns out to be not that bad a goal but it's not a there's no it's not a perfect number like a lot of things right it's just a kind of a it's

a reasonable it's a reasonable goal to shoot for when you um when you started writing this this book about exercise and running and all these subject matters

was there any instant changes or any real lasting changes that you implemented into your own life from everything You' learned I I think about that all the time with this podcast I'll have a guest on I'll have these mini Eureka moments and then something will

stick so I'm I'm wondering having studied all all of these people all around the world and looked at their bodies and exercise and physical exertion what have you taken into your own life that has

stuck I would say that I've become more serious about doing some strength training you know i' I've always loved walking and running and you know endurance kinds of activities and I've always sort of hated doing weights you

know I just don't like it and I'm I'm I'm a wimp you know I'm not a very well I'm I'm not a very strong person and you know people tend to do what they like right you get reinforcement from it and

the more I study the importance of resistance training and the more I study the importance of doing weights especially as you age um The more I've uh the more I started kicking myself for

for being uh being lazy about that so now I try to do good two strength workouts out of every week at least and uh and take it more seriously because

especially as you age loss of muscle mass can be really debilitating there's a um the technical term for that is sarcopenia Saro is is the Greek word for muscle

and pinea is loss so muscle loss so as people get older they tend to lose muscle and when you do that you become frail and you lose functional capacity and then that starts off a vicious cycle

right once that happens then you're be less likely to be physically active and then of course when you're less Physically Active your muscles begin to waste away more and uh it's very debilitating so I think as we get older

and I'm getting older it's more and more important you know to to kind of incorporate that so I think that's the one thing that I've I've taken to Heart yeah from what you said there it sounds like not doing resistance training not

doing not lifting weights as you age almost accelerates Aging in any sort of superficial sense but also in a physiological sense you're you're

increasing the speed of Aging yeah I'm not sure if I'd think about it that way but it I think I i' kind of reverse it slightly which is that you know aging is just the clock

ticking on right there's nothing we can do about age but syence is the way the way bodies degrade as we get older and what physical activity does actually maybe the most important thing about

physical activity is that it slows inessence especially for certain organs and systems and there are different kinds of physical activities so there's endurance physical activities you know like running walking Etc swimming and

then strength or resistance physical activities and they have different kinds of ways in which they slow various properties of sence which we you know colloquially call aging and all of them

are important and I think one of the things that's really interesting about humans in fact I think it maybe the most important thing about this book and you asked about myths earlier the most important myth I think by far is this

idea that as you get older it's normal to be less active and that is just not true um we evolved to be grandparents we evolve to live one of the things that's most interesting about humans maybe is

that we evolve to live about 20 years or so after we stop reproducing no other animal does that except ex said orcas maybe killer whales but with the exception of killer whales humans have this really weird life history we look

we we we evolved to be grandparents but grandparents in the old days weren't you know retiring to Florida or I don't know where they but they do in England or whatever go to mayorca or whatever and you know kick up their heels and play

golf or whatever with carts grandparents in the in the olden days right or in many cultures still today are working right they're working in the fields they're hunting they're Gathering they're getting food for their children and their grandchildren they're helping

with child care and that physical activity is you know that's what their job is to be physically active but but in turn that physical activity turns on

an amazing Suite of of of physiological processes that counter aging turns on repair and maintenance processes that not only keep our muscles strong but

also keep our DNA from uring mutations keep our mitochondria numbers High keep um keep our the cells in our brain from accumulating Gunk uh so that prevents

Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia I mean for for every system of the body physical activity has has benefits that slow the aging process and so when you stop doing it you acceler and that's the

way in which you it P you perceive it as accelerating aging but really it's the absence of physical activity which lets aging run a muck in your first book in

2013 the story of the human body in chapter 12 you said um use this phrase use it or lose it basically we we evolved to use or lose our bodies and I was sat with um someone recently and I

was trying to figure out why it appears that when people retire or the other instance I've seen is when their their elderly partner passes away it appears as if they don't live much longer yeah

it's kind of like kind of folklore or something that once you retire your days are kind of numbered yeah yeah and I was trying to figure out the evolutionary reason for that but it sounds like it's kind of what you've

explained there well I mean I think part of that is um is is depression right um uh when you lose a partner I mean grief and depression your cortisol levels go up your immune system goes down I mean

you know it's it's it's really tough on your body I mean psychosocial stress plays a serious physiological toll but but also as you just pointed out when

people retire they become less active and that that loss of activity has enormous effects on every aspect of our our of our of our body I mean the and our on our minds I mean physical

activity is important not just for physical health but also vital for mental health and um I think a lot of the problems that U lot mental health issues we have today depression anxiety

uh some of them you to some extent uh we can attribute that to loss to less physical activity and as people age becoming less Physically Active again makes them much more vulnerable to wide

sued of diseases so would you say we shouldn't retire well or if you do retire I mean retiring is again another modern weird thing right nobody retired in the past I

mean if you're a farmer it's like a subsistence farmer and name it any place right it's not like something you hit 65 and all of a sudden you no longer have to work in the fields you work in the fields until you're you know until you're dead right and hunter gatherers

don't retire they they continue to be physically active until until they die right or until they get too sick so it's a very modern Western concept um and um and yes we do pay a price for it but you

of course can replace you know work that you do with with with challenging rewarding fun things to do the important thing is just not to not to stop being Physically

Active one of my favorite studies ever published without a doubt um is is a is a study done by a guy named Ralph paffenbarger he realized that uh places

like Harvard are fantastic for studying aging because um Harvard like other private universities never lets go of their alumni so until the day you die

they're asking you for money on a regular basis and and so they're um um and so he he got the Alumni Association the Harvard development office to let

him follow series of Harvard alumni from several years and can keep asking them in questions about their physical activity levels and also their diet and whether they smoked and stuff like that

and then you track them for 25 30 years and what he found was that the alumni after you corrected for every Factor you could think of that as you as the alumni got older the effect of physical

activity on their health outcomes was bigger and bigger so alumni who were in their 20s 30s and 40s for example who were were exercising here four or five times a week they had about 20% % lower

death rates by the time that they got to their 60s and 70s the alumni who were exercising more had 50% lower death rates so as you get older so what and this has been replicated again many

times but what he showed was that as you get older exercise becomes more not less important for maintaining your health been thinking a lot about this because I was I was saying to Jack my dad is

60-ish but he's very very out of shape very very out of shape and I was in um I was in Indonesia and I was with my girlfriend and we went and we were going white water water rafting so we had to

go down this really big H Hill with all these stairs it was like 300 Meers of stairs and I remember just thinking my my dad wouldn't be able to do this at his age at 60 and I want to be able to

go down those stairs when I'm his age because at the bottom of there was a fun activity with someone I loved and to think that I'll get to a point in my life where not so far away in the grand

scheme of things um where I won't be able to go up or down some stairs because I'm 60 um because of my sort of genetic predisposition as I saw it was quite was quite sad but having heard you say that

it's really feels much more like a choice than it is genetics yeah look we have this expression in my field which is that genes load the gun and environment pulls the trigger right some

of us have genetic predispositions towards being you know more likely to get diabetes or heart disease or this or that or the other but our great great great grandparents in different environments weren't getting these

diseases or they were get getting them at much much much lower frequencies it's not because they were dying earlier it's because these diseases were more less common so I think we too often blame our

genes for many of these these these diseases um or many of these health problems um and it's I'm not in any way denying the role of genetics is but that environment is way more important and we

have control over our environment to some extent and so if you want to reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease reduce your risk of diabetes reduce your risk of Alzheimer's dementia you

exercise isn't a Magic Bullet it's not going to prevent you from getting those diseases completely but it lowers your risk quite quite quite substantially and we know why too I mean we have an

immense amount of data on why that's the case um for every single one of these diseases we understand the mechanisms by which physical activity has uh you know important mechanistic effects on on

these diseases so it's there's epidemiological data there's mechanistic data there's personal data the problem is that it's hard to do right it's it

takes willpower to um overcome the the the the inertia of of of of doing what's completely normal which is wanting to take it easy right I was I was just you

know I just flew yesterday from Denver to Boston and in the in the in the in the airport you know there are these escalators right next to the stairway right and and and and um the escalator

and the stair it wasn't a huge stairway everybody's lining up to take the escalator and like the stairs are totally free so I being me I of course I can't I'm not allowed to take the escalator unless you know I have to

right so I run up the stairs but you know it's but those people taking the escalator there's nothing wrong with them there they're not lazy it's just an instinct right it's an instinct to take to take it easy when you can right

because and we now live in a world where everybody can do that right because we have escalators and and lifts and cars and shopping carts and all these wonderful devices to make our lives

easier and now you have to overcome this fundamental Basic Instinct to take it easy in order to be physically active and that's basically what exercise is and so and and furthermore if you're out

of if you're unfit and you're not really you know exercising isn't any fun right it's it's it's it's unpleasant you you know you sweat you get hot and you're get cranky and you know um and and it's

not that rewarding uh until you get fit and so uh people hate it right um and U and then we blame them for being lazy but they're actually just being they're just being normal I think we need to

have more compassion towards towards people who struggle to exercise quick one before we get back to this episode just give me 30 seconds of your time two things I wanted to say the first thing is a huge thank you for listening and

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to continue to keep doing all of the things you love about the show thank you thank you so much back to the episode this Basic Instinct to take it easy are

we evolved to be lazy take escalator Riders well I wouldn't use the word lazy but we are evolved to take it easy to to rest whenever possible right so we've now got ourselves into a bit of a

comfort crisis here because everything has in our lives is optimizing us for convenience and ease right right and well it's also it's it sells right I mean Comfort I mean I mean who prefers

to sit in economy as opposed to business class right nobody right Comfort is nice right who prefers shoes that are uncomfortable right we we we you know comfort's comfort's you know we love

Comfort right but since when is Comfort necessarily better for you right I mean are comfortable shoes actually better for you than going Barefoot are the comfortable chairs better for you than or taking the the lift better for you than taking the stairs it in the short

term or at least it appears to be today right yes because we often value the short-term benefit over the long-term cost right um that's hyperbolic discounting is the technical term for

that but but um so we you know we live in a world where where we we we you know we pay extra for for Comfort or and we'll we'll prefer it but um but now we also live in a world where we have to

now go out of our way to be physically active because it's no longer necessary and so again I go back to my original statement which is that people evolved to be physically active for two reasons and two reasons only but it's necessary rewarding when we don't make it

necessary we need to figure out ways to make it rewarding and and that's hard it's very hard making it rewarding so one way that you might make something rewarding is by looking at the stick and

then the other side is maybe the carrot but just looking at the stick then you were going through a series of diseases a second ago Alzheimer's um high blood pressure all of these kinds of things cardiovascular diseases I almost think

we've come to assume that these are inevitabilities of Life yeah we'll get cancer one of us will get someone in here is going to get Alzheimer's and that's the way we live so we we're preparing to medicate when that day

comes that I get God forbid diagnosed with something that's absolutely right in fact that's what medical students today are taught right if you go to medical school today you are taught that as people get older their blood pressure

goes up I can tell you that's just not true it's in the western world where people are physically inactive and need crap diets that their blood pressure tends to go up but there are plenty of people I'm actually one of them right

who don't have high blood pressure as they age and guess what's the best way to prevent getting high blood pressure as you age it's um you know it's not like a broken record but we have this idea that as you get older yes you're G

to you're and we're lucky right you know because we don't die from small poox when we're 30 we're lucky to get cancer when we're 60 right what we've done is we've confused diseases that are more

common with aging with age being a cause of those diseases in the first place and they're not inevitable inevitable diseases um and many of them are preventable and and the problem is that

in our society we we don't value prevention very much we we may talk about it but we don't really put our money where our mouth is right in the US which is arguably one of the worst Health Care Systems is the worst Health

Care System among the industrialized Western World we spend approximately 3% of our budget our IAL Budget on prevention And yet when people walk into

a doctor's office 75% of the time the disease is according to the Center for Disease Control a preventable disease so we espcially spend nothing to prevent diseases that overwhelm our system and

cause enormous amounts of misery it's a completely backward stupid system and so and and the good news is it's not that hard to prevent a lot of these things um um it takes willpower and um takes

education and it takes access to to good quality food and what whatever um but um so in the one hand it's very depressing on the other hand The Optimist in me says you know we really can do something

and people even if without even if they're not wealthy or whatever I mean there are simple things that everybody can do to improve their health outcomes these diseases we we encounter today as we age and just generally in our society

when you look at hunter gatherer hunter gatherer communities or you look at certain tribes around the world maybe in Africa do you see the same

um the same types of diseases in the same um occurrence level of occurrence or is there some diseases which just don't like I'm wondering if like if because you know cancer seems to be so

popular for ex as as disease and Alzheimer's and these kinds of things so I Wonder has that always been the case throughout human history and is that the case in other parts of the world that is such a good question so first of all

some of these some of these diseases are really hard to to measure in non-western populations because we don't have the diagnostic tools so nobody really knows how common cancer is in in in a lot of

parts of the world right there's just the data don't exist that said when you make estimates and you do look at the studies that are out there and even if you look in in in historical records in in places like Europe where people have

been keeping track of this there is no question that cancer rates have been rising and that cancer rates are much much more common in the western world there's a strong association between Cancer and wealth and that's because

cancer is basically a disease of energy right when your cells because cancer is basically natural selection gone arai in the body it's when cells start competing with each other u in ways that that

cause basically and start you know going you know multiplying and dividing out of control right it's a kind of natural selection and what is it that those cells are doing they're competing for energy and when you have more energy

like when you're eating more and being less Physically Active you can you basically feed those cells so um so can a high levels of insulin insulin is

highly uh related to to cancer High insulin levels are are carcinogenic um high levels of of body of of energy you cause women for example to increase the

the amount of estrogen and progesterone that they produce men produce more testosterone these are and these are these are hormones that um of course are for good for reproduction but they're

but again we EV we evolve to be to have as many babies as possible Right but that doesn't mean that translates into Health right so more estrogen more progesterone increases risks of say breast cancer or testosterone increases

the risk of prostate cancer so if you look at most diseases right people are more physically active they have lower levels of estrogen progesterone testosterone they have lower levels of insulin they have lower levels of blood

sugar all of these depressed cancer rates and on average people who are Physically Active have much lower rates of almost every single kind of cancer that you can think of women who walk 150

you know get 150 minutes of physical activity a week have on average about 30 to 50% lower lifetime breast cancer risks than people who are

sedentary and yet for some reason this is not a wellknown fact um and we we have we have epidemiological data we have mechanistic data we understand how and why it works and yet and yet how

often do you hear about cancer prevention we talk about treating cancer which is all important if I get cancer I would like it treated too thank you very much but why don't we spend more energy

and activity and and and have more education about how to prevent cancers in the first place physical act I've mean I've never heard that before so that's that's

really helped me um to add more value to exercise in my mind you're talking there about insulin levels and how that has there's a link between your insulin

levels and your chances of getting cancer sugar glucose inflammation

bad yeah I mean I mean look if you want to if you want take like the three things you should you know if you really care about your health don't smoke right that's kind of obvious I think everybody knows that get some exercise I don't

think you need me to tell you that right and and cut down on sugar on foods that are high in sugar and low in fiber right that you know what we call high glycemic foods those are the foods that elevate

your your your your blood glucose levels your your insulin levels shoot up and Insulin insulin the basic function of insulin is is it's what we call an an

anabolic hormone it's its job is to is to store energy glucose glucose but also fat okay all right okay so in insul what

insulin does is to get energy into cells so it's like a taxi it's like an Uber it's like a taxi yeah well I mean it it's not a TA it's like a it's telling other cells to do that so insulin for

example binds to other cells that are the actual taxis so it's like it's like calling the Uber I would say maybe right um and um and insulin is is you know it's the fund so when you when you eat

food insulin levels go up because its job is to store that energy and when you exercise insulin levels go down because because you want to then reuse that

energy right so so uh so when cells get more energy they're more prone to going out of control basically and and and and

inflammation is caused by basically by getting you store so much fat in your cells that those fat cells start to swell and when those start to swell like anything right they start to rupture

they get damaged and that damage attracts the immune system and the immune system gets turned on and that causes inflammation so so too much osity too much fat you know over swollen fat

cells is the is a primary cause of systemic inflammation and inflammation is like the slow burn in our bodies that causes widespread damage to pretty much everything you can think of and it turns

out that so the two ways to deal with inflammation are one to prevent it right so don't eat foods that are pro-inflammatory like anything with a lot of sugar basically right that I mean that you

know the sugar is highly inflammatory um or trans fats are highly inflammatory but also turns out many people don't know this but you also want

to turn down your immune system right you want to turn the dial down and I don't know just give you one guess what it is that does that exercise exercise and the and and and the way it does that

is that when you when you're physically active you're using your muscle cells it turns that muscles are also an endocrine organ your muscles are producing a molecule called interlukin 6 il6 that in

low levels is pro-inflammatory but at high levels it's actually anti-inflammatory it turns down inflammation and your muscles because a third of your body there's muscle right

when you go for a run or or swim or bike ride or whatever you're producing a ton of this stuff and it turns down levels of inflammation so people are Physically Active even if they're overweight are

actually controlling and regulating their inflammation and we never evolved to regulate inflammation because in this way because we never evolved to be physically inactive until recently nobody was physically inactive until

they unless they were dying right so so we never evolved an alternative mechanism to regulate inflammation other than physical activity and we didn't live in a world with this much sugar we

never lived in a I mean it's astonishing you you pay more money for Foods today that have less sugar added right I mean that's just ridiculous right cuz it's so cheap and sugar is you know we lost

everybody loves sugar I mean I've um I've gone hunting with um Hunter gathers you know you know H gathers and um and I can tell you that they're honey addicts right I mean I've gone out with these

guys and they go from you know if they if they fail on their hunt like by 10 or 11 if you haven't killed an animal you know that's it for the day right and then it come it turns from being a

Hunting Expedition to a honey collecting Expedition and they'll go from hive to Hive to Hive get smoked burn out the bees and just Gorge themselves on more honey than I could possibly imagine to

eat except these are a lean Physically Active Hunter gathers and they they handle it just fine um but it's you know it's the it's the Paleolithic equivalent of you know eating Mars Bars all day

long but they've been out doing physical activity for how long that yeah I mean the average day is about 15 kilometers of of walking with some running yeah so so so they're you know they can they can

they can cope with it how many hours is that oh that's two to three hours probably okay so from that I have gared that I need to do 15 kilometers a day

for two or three hours every day well remember it's not a prescription right so that's a kind of like the Paleo fantasy sort of naturalistic fantasy that if you live like a hunter gather

somehow your your your world will be perfect right that's basically what the paleo diet is sort of all about right and that's not true either yes you need to be physically active but it turns out

that certain amount you know if you're any any physical activity is better than none right and if you look at the kind of any curve of any output any health health health

health outcome like how many years you live or whether you're likely to get cancer or heart disease or whatever you know any little physical activity your curve starts to fall quickly right your your likelihood of cardiovascular

disease starts just you know a few minutes a day of exercise has big benefits but eventually that curve flattens out right and it flattens out well before the hunter gatherer level so you don't need to be a hun gatherer in

terms of physical activity to get the benefits this is a I've asked a few people this question I don't think everyone's anyone's really answered it um but I suspect you might be able to if

if you were responsible for redesigning the nature of our modern world to make it more matched and less mismatched what are some of the first things you would

do to help Society benefit in terms of our happiness and our health I I think about this all the time because we we don't seem to be turning

around we seem to be hurtling in a direction kind of unconsciously towards artificial intelligence and moving less and being more s sedentary and taking pills more to fix everything lonelier

than ever before and I how you know if we were to redesign it blank canvas piece of paper that's a tough question because

um we've essentially given ourselves what we want right um I can go into a supermarket and I mean I can do something that's unimaginable until recently I can have I

I can have basically anything I I can eat better than the king of France you know a few Generations ago I can I I can I me here like in New York there's like every Cuisine possibly available to me I

I don't ever have to climb the stairs I can take elevators I mean we've we've we've we've made our world so convenient and comfortable um and yet there are consequences to the many of the things

that we crave and want so in an Ideal World you don't want to you don't want to REM I mean you have to

you have to honor and respect people's um um desires right I'm not a I don't believe in in in preventing people from

taking the elevator right or or forcing them to you know eat eat whole grain bread as opposed to white bread right but if you banned white bread and you banned elevators other than for those

people that need it for accessibility reasons Etc they would do better over the long term they' be healthier and happier they would right so the it's

really a balancing act between between um um respecting people's Liberties and choices and educating them and helping

them so in my world I would I would do more to nudge people right um I would instead of banning sugar I would tax it more um instead of

um uh pushing uh all kinds of foods on people I would push I mean why don't we why don't we advertise healthy foods the way

we advertise unhealthy Foods right I mean when's the last time you saw an ad for just how amazingly healthy asparagus was right but that doesn't get the part of my

brain going does it no it doesn't but um but we could do more to to nudge and encourage and help people right you don't have to like ban sugar and cookies

right the way some people but but but simply promote um and help people help themselves right most people want to eat healthier food most people want to exercise um but they live in a world

where it's hard to do it and they live in a world where um there are very few incentives I would make it such that healthy food would be as as inexpensive

as as unhealthy food and make sure that that people had incentives and and make it also fun to be physically active like for example um every I mean who doesn't

like to dance right every culture in the world has dancing right dancing is a form of of of physical activity it's social it's fun it's engaging why don't

we have uh why doesn't every every town in America sponsor dancing right um you know it would probably do an enormous amount for people's physical health and their mental health I mean we could do

that I mean that's just one example right so I would I would um I would I would and and why is it that in medical schools doctors don't learn about they don't they don't study nutrition and

they don't don't study exercise and they don't learn um because that's because in our medical system is designed to treat people after they get sick rather than prevent people from getting sick so so

we need to you know reverse how we fund health care right and so schools of Public Health are these kind of little marginalized places where you know where where great ideas go to die right and

and medical schools where all the money is right and doctors aren't taught to to deal to to to I mean there are entire fields of medicine that don't have the word preventive associated with them I

mean you ever heard of preventive Orthodontics or preventive you know Optometry or prevent you know preventive Orthopedics I mean it just doesn't exist right so we we could do a lot more um

and and have enormous benefits chapter 11 of this book you talk about someone who has taken their own approach to getting people moving and exercising um in their own business the Bjorn Borg

company I love that bjor Borg company can you tell me about that that company yeah so I was um so I was I was curious about this idea of how to get how to help people be more physically active

right and again you know my my fundamental hypothesis is that we evoled to be physically active either when it's necessary or rewarding and so I was curious if there was any any companies

in the world that have made physical activity necessary in other words what if we forc people to be physically active and I found one so far I think there's only one company in the world that I know of maybe there's some others but this is the only one I've ever found

so far and it's the bjorg sports company in Sweden where the CEO of the company is this crazy sort of exercise addict and he um he requires every member of

the company to to exercise they have sports hour every Friday at 11 o'clock so I actually um when I when I was searching around and I was thinking you know right working on the book I actually you I got I found an article

about them and I you know I clicked on the on the company website and you know how most companies have a little contact us M so I I clicked on the contact us and I wrote a little note saying you

know dear Borg company I'm a I'm a researcher an evolutionary biologist I'm interested in exercise and I'm and I'm fascinated by how your company um requires people to exercise could I learn more and the next morning there

was a an email from the CEO of the company saying why don't you come and visit us so so I hopped on a plane few a few months later went to Sweden and they they let me he was so nice you just let

me just go anywhere in the company and I I went to sports hour and I I talked to to employees throughout the company and it was fascinating I mean um a lot of the employees of the company um first of

all a bunch of people apparently left the company when he took over a CEO and required this but it doesn't matter who you are you could be working in the mail room you could be the CEO you could be a visiting board member whoever you are if you're there on Friday you have to go

exercise with them and they have this pretty serious kind of exercise thing and apparently some people quit um but but um but but prettyy much everybody else said you know it's actually a

pretty damn good thing do you agree with that approach well yes and no um every University in the world used to require and every school right supposedly requires exercise right I'm sure you had

physical ex you know physical some kind of phed required in your school those standards are slipping around the world and more and more kids are doing less and less in school uh

universities were are no exception it used to be that all universi ities required some degree of physical education mine was no exception in fact Harvard was a leader in that back in the

you know hund and something years ago and over the since basically the 1970s that's basically disappeared although most students if you ask them they think yeah that's actually a pretty

good idea so I don't know maybe we can bring back exercise as a and and the thing is that if you get used to it right when you're young you're more likely to do it when you're older right

because you set those are the that's the age in which your habits become become well your habits become your habits right and so there's a certain age where

where if you can keep keep you know get that making it make it a habit you're probably more likely to continue doing it for the rest of your life we kind of see it as overreach don't we I was thinking about if I was to announce one

of my companies that everyone is now required to exercise it would seem like like tremendous overreach if I announce that everyone is required to read a certain book they' do it and it' be fine and it might be seen as a positive thing

right it might be a representation of our values that we are Learners and we're innovators and we keep you know nourishing our brains but you turned around to your team and said listen you're all required to you're all required to go for a run every day or

something people would it just feels personal yeah like that's not the responsibility of an organization to tell me to go exercise but we have we have company you know Retreats I mean we

do all kinds of stuff where people are required to do it so I don't know I challenge you try it what we do and what we've always done we even do it with this team the D team is about 30 people so we have a fitness channel in the

company um slack channel the communication channel that we use and in that channel um and we did this at my previous company as well where we would

enable and facilitate so we we someone started a women's football team so we enabled it and promoted it someone started a men's football team so we enabled it and promoted it and this this also applies to non-physical sort of

exercise related clubs like someone starts the reason reading club and we enabled it and promoted it um and we also paid for it if they need to if they need new kits for example when the women's football team needed wanted to

have their own uniforms we paid for it because we saw a huge value in terms of Staff retention connection community and all those things that actually lead up to staff retention if we could have more

Social Clubs outside of the office you know if you're thinking about leaving a job there's a number of things you weigh up the pay the job whatever but you also weigh up how the community like the group of people I love and how much they

bring to my life and I actually think in the remote Working World um it's something that CEOs and leaders have really not paid enough attention to that if they really want to retain their team members they should have them together

as much as they can even outside of the office bonding in a world where screens are on the rise and pubs are on the decline and social activities and churches are on the decline there's less sort of uh institutions that connect us

socially work has a big opportunity to do to do that so one of my big things always in my head is like how can I get the team members of my companies to hang out more and and a multiplier to that is how can I get them to hang out more and

move their bodies more because then they'll feel better right well well think about it it's play right play yeah exactly and I mean and play is what is another thing we evolve to do right what

kids play and we're one of the few species that plays as adults right and what is play play is a way in which you you you learn cooperation you you you you build community um but you also move

your body right in the first chapter of your book you say that you went to visit the Native American tribe and I'm going to try and pronounce this the taraa Tarahumara and they're famous for

their long running yes what did you learn about running from them well it's you know they have been famous for well over 100 years I mean many uh people have gone to study the taramara and have

commented on their amazing ability to run but what I I really learned from them is that um uh for them physical activity is spiritual um you know

there's this book Born to Run that uh that describes their their running and calls them a hidden tribe of super superathletes they're not hidden and they're not super athletes um and um and

the one thing that the book missed was that the the main impetus for the for the for the running they do these famous long-distance races is that it's a form

of prayer um it's really very beautiful um and um and it's a it's a metaphor for for life and um and and it's also a an opportunity to bet and sports and all

that it's all wrapped into one and and what I've learned was that this actually used to be almost Universal among Native American populations right Native American tribes everybody had

long-distance races and ball games and and they were all had a spiritual element it's just that they've they've retained their traditions because they're in a very remote part of of

Mexico that's essentially inaccessible we all used to do this all human used to do this and in fact if you think if you look around the world every population has a tradition of endurance endurance

events some of the subject might you talk about in your book but also outside of your book is is how we used to run um in terms of you know I was at the foot doctor what's it called I don't know

what they're called orthoped pediatrist that's what I said podiatrist what did I say but I went to the podiatrist the other day because I I

got this what's it called when you're I'm going to point at it on my foot this part of my foot here started to get lots of pain every PL fitis that's it planter

fitis I started to get some planter ftis so fun and it was just this ongoing pain and they prescribed me some insoles I stood on a couple of machines some soft

stuff and they measured my foot and took this scan of it and said right basically you're standing wrong um your arch is a bit too flat take these insoles and wear them in all of your shoes and I just I always think in these moments when

someone prescri describes me something that's not natural I go why like where did I go wrong and I think that's the key question where did

I go wrong who lied to me to the point now that at 30 years old I have these bloody insoles that have to put in all my shoes because presumably that's not natural presumably my my ancestors don't

have Bloody insults yeah so planter fasciitis is what I would call a mismatch disease right a disease that's more common or more severe

because our bodies are inadequately adapted to Modern environments and in your case and as is the case with a lot of people you have a weak foot so so we you know you look like you go to the gym

looks like you're a pretty fit person right I'll make a bet you you strengthen pretty much every muscle group in your body except your feet right comment right well but we don't right one of the

reasons is because we we encase our feet in stiff sold shoes that are very comfortable and and the reason the shoes are comfortable is that you're your foot muscles have to do less work when you was using those shoes right we have

shoes that are stiff soles they have arch supports right and your your foot has four layers of muscles in them and those muscles are supporting your arch and at the bottom of those four layers of muscles is this layer of connective

tissue the plantar fascia and the problem with the plantar fascia is that if it stretches too much it like anything else right it gets inflamed but it's got almost no vascularization right

so it it's very hard for it to repair itself when it gets inflamed to prevent PL plantor fasciitis the best way to preventing it is having a strong foot a strong foot's a healthy foot so the way

to way to treat the disease on the long term is to strengthen your foot but if you want to just alleviate the symptoms that's what your podiatrist did by giving you an insole right it's

basically preventing your mus your arch from collapsing as much making it more comfortable so your your plantar fascia gets stress less and so it can kind of um alleviates that that that that that

stretching and hence the pain right so that's a typical example of what I call dis Evolution it's what what happens when you treat the symptoms of a mismatch disease rather than their

causes or preventing their causes so podiatrists are a bit like drug pushers in that sense right because they're they're essentially putting your foot in a cast right and then and for the rest of your life you kind of have to keep

using them unless you strengthen your feet so I so so there's nothing wrong with those you know treating the symptoms I mean pain is no fun so we are the insoles right kind of you know alleviate the pain but also work on

strengthening your foot and I think you'll find that the planter fasciitis will will disappear and never come back so the plant of fitis fasciitis um has now

healed after about a month of wearing the insole um I no longer have the insoles um with me here in New York and I don't have them in any of my shoes because I've also taken a bit of time

off um running on my feet I was playing a lot of football so now I'm at a point point where I can go to the preventable stage prevent it happening again and you said to strengthen my foot how does one

strengthen their foot good question so there are some exercises um they're kind of foot doming exercises and things like which there you know I can send you some links to videos showing you some good

foot strengthening exercises so that's one way to do it um but the other way is to wear more minimal shoes um to wear shoes that aren't stiff sold that don't have AR arch supports go barefoot a lot

right um and those that will naturally strengthen the muscles in your foot because you'll have to use those muscles so you ever gone for like a long walk or run on a beach right and afterwards your your feet are kind of tired M right the reason your feet are tired is because

you're now working on a compliant surface right it's not stiff so your muscles having to work more to stiffen your foot to push you forward right jack could you go grab my the black shoe out

of my bag I just want to show him something so um so wearing shoes that aren't has stiff sold they don't have arch supports will slowly strengthen your feet but and this is a huge butt if

you do too much to fast you will your planter F will come roaring back and you'll hate me you'll like you'll never forgive me because um yeah there's a Vivo Barefoot um yeah I wear the same

shoes oh you you've got the same shoes on um great shoes yeah those are wonderful shoes those are those are the those are the exactly the kind of shoes that will help strengthen your feet these are fairly a new addition in my

life yeah they and they feel really strange because you can kind of feel the floor yeah it's exactly what you've described is yeah but but you you can transition if you have weak feet which I'm I'm guessing you do you if you go if

you suddenly that's the only shoe you wear all the time you'll probably regret it right so so slowly slowly slowly increase the percentage of time that just like anything else if you if you

like suddenly decide to lift you know huge weights that you can't lift before you'll hurt yourself right the same thing is with your feet so so slowly it does it but you if you do it gradually and slowly and carefully you can build

up strength in your foot and um and you'll and you'll be a happier happier person and this is this goes back to everything else you've said about how choosing Comfort choosing to have a nice supportive shoe has actually just kind

of deferred a problem off into the future for me it's the same with diet it's the same with avoiding exercise and being seditary and and all these other things where when you choose the easy Road in the short term which is this

wonderful cushion shoe I've chosen the muscle hasn't built up in my foot and I've paid the price correct so I need to again choose discomfort more in the

short term go up the stairs run Barefoot to avoid the late the consequences later down the line yeah I mean I don't think you have to run Barefoot but um though it can be fun but um um but yeah I mean

and I can think of plenty of other examples um we love Comfort but Comfort is not necessarily good for us when you um when you look at these tribes are

they do you know who liver King is huge massive muscles talks about an ancestor living um what do our hunter gatherer ancestors look like in terms of that not

like him no okay I mean look think about it muscle is it's really expensive right it's actually a super expensive tissue about a third of our body's muscle and it's using up about about you know A

fifth or more of the calories that we're expending right just just sitting there not even using them right they're they're very costly tissues right and so if you have more muscle than you need

you're basically adding to your your cost of living right if you if you're a hunter gather or even a subsistence farmer living on the margin of food security

having more muscle than you need is actually deleterious right remember the only thing that natural selection cares about is how many offspring you have who survive and reproduce it doesn't care if you're strong or healthy or nice or

loved or you know fun or whatever it only cares about whether you have grandchildren that's it right that's the cold calculus of selection my brain is going if I have big muscles I'll have

more romantic opportunities than I'll have grandchildren well only up to a certain point right so if more muscles if if they attract the opposite sex and and make them want to reproduce with you

yes that could be a benefit um I'm not so sure how much women are attracted to the liver King but um um and that's not something I even want to know the answer to but um and certainly shouldn't ask

him but um um um but but there's a reason we have use it or lose it which you mentioned earlier right because when we need when we increase our demand we increase our capacity right when you go

to the gym and you out right you build muscle but if you stop using those muscles you lose it and that's an adapt right because you don't want to spend extra energy on muscles you're not using

right so you want enough but not too much you want to be economical with muscle mass right um and so our if you look at the data um from Hunter gathers and people have done that they've done

grip strength tests Etc and all kinds of other fun things with like mini Olympics and we've done this too um people are reasonably strong but they're not super strong and they're not they're not buff

and built and bulked and all that sort of stuff they've got enough muscle to do what they need to do but no more and the reason why people find muscle attractive anyway is because it's a evolutionary

signal isn't it of uh reproductive value and resources maybe and your ability to go out and do you know what I mean why why does why

does a woman for example find a man with muscles or in good shape attractive in 2023 when we're not hunting for gazelle well I'm not a I'm not a I'm not

a psychologist or or so I'm not sure if I I'm qualified to answer that but I could I could Venture the guess that obviously if you're trying to if you know we pair bond as a species and we have been for for millions of years

probably you want to pair bond with somebody who's going to because we also have of cooperation in food sharing right you want to pair bond with somebody who's going to be able to you know bring home the bacon literally and figuratively right but but bringing on

the bacon does not mean looking like Arnold schwarzen at least back in the day Arnold schwarzer back in the day right being being bringing home the bacon back in the day meant being a a persistence Hunter being able to to run

long distances and being moderately strong so they looked more like a marathoner or or a football player than they did a a weightlifter right so it's conceivable it's conceivable that

someone who is really really big is actually um less attractive because they wouldn't have been able to hunt and run and Hunt as well as someone who is a little bit Yeah you also have you have

to feed more you have to feed them more too yeah and that's a you know those are precious calories so I'm going to guess that uh look if you look in in in non-western populations uh you don't see

physiques like that this is a this is a privilege of people who are able to go to gyms and um and you know e you know you know whey powder shakes and all that

kind of stuff to kind of build their crazy muscle mass but it's not something that our ancestors were able to do on a regular basis that's for sure a quick word on hu as you know they're resp sponsor of this podcast and I'm an investor in the company one of the

things I've never really explained is how I came to have a relationship with Hu one day in the office many years ago a guy walked past called Michael and he was wearing a hued t-shirt and I was really compelled by the logo I just

thought from a design aesthetic point of view it was really interesting and I asked him what that word meant and why he was wearing that T-shirt and he said it's this brand called hu and they make food that is nutritionally complete and

very very convenient and has the planet in mind and he the next day dropped off a little bottle of hu on my desk and from that day onwards I completely got it because I'm someone that cares

tremendously about having a nutritionally complete diet but sometimes because of the way my life is that falls by the wayside so if there was a really convenient reliable trustworthy way for me to be

nutritionally complete in an affordable way I was all ears especially if it's a way that is conscious of the planet give it a chance give it a shot let me know what you think there's another myth that

you bust which I thought was really interesting because I think I know a lot of people that have used this as a as a reason not to run they say it's really bad for your knees oh man that gets me so mad right I mean I hear this from

doctors all the time right oh yeah running is bad for your knees now it is true that knee injuries are the most common running injuries um um but

arthritis which is really what they're usually talking about um it's absolutely definitively not true that running increases rates of knee uh cartilage damage and arthritis so arthritis is

caused by cartilage wearing away in a joint right and it's it's a it's a myth that that running actually increases cartilage damage if you have arthritis running is excruciating and problematic

but if you don't have it running actually uh if anything may be slightly preventive um because cartilage joints like everything else benefits from being

used right and so physical activity actually helps promote strong and healthy joints we used to think that it just cause them to wear away but actually you know like cars you know wearing away their tires but now we know

that actually physical activity promotes um repair mechanisms in cartilage just as it does in other tissues in the body and um um and of course the other thing

about running is that I think a lot of people run incorrectly today so uh so that's why we started studying barefoot running millons you know a long a few a bunch of few decades ago is because if humans have been running for millions of

years most of that time we were running Barefoot so kind of curious how did people run before shoes and what we learned was that today shoes have these cushioned heels that enable you to essentially run

the way you walk right you land on your heel and everybody who's Barefoot sometimes lands on their heel but people who are Barefoot often more often then not land on the ball of their foot and then then let their heel down it's

called A four-foot strike or a mid-foot strike and when you do that we worked out the bi mechanics of that and published a paper on the cover of nature showing that when you do that you actually prevent your foot from crashing

into the ground causing what's called an impact Peak a collisional force you run lightly and gently so if you were to take your shoes off and run up Lexington

Avenue here I guarantee you you would not be landing on your heels within a few steps you'd start landing on the ball of your foot because it hurts less and so that's how we evolve to run we

evolve to run in a cushion in a in a way that that doesn't involve you know slamming into the ground with every step

and the and that that causes less Force around your knee um the tradeoff though because nothing comes for free everything has trade-offs is that it's harder on your your ankles your calf

muscles and your kiles have to do now a lot more work to let your heel down and so people who switch from heel striking to four-foot striking often have Achilles tendon problems they get calf muscle problems if they don't do it

properly they'll get if their foot muscles aren't strong enough they'll get all kinds of foot problems right so you can't just suddenly become a Barefoot Runner and start four-foot striking if you're going to switch you have to switch gradually and slowly and build up

strength and learn to do it properly another thing people do is they tend to run like a ballerina high up on their toes that's really hard on your ankles and your calves so you got to do it properly but if you but it can have

enormous benefits and so and we know again if you run that way there put puts much less force on your knees and again knees are where people get injured the most so I think a lot of knee injuries

come from um um from the way in which we run so would you recommend if you can to run more Barefoot especially if you have

those kind of shoes we just discussed well I think what matters is how you run not what's on your feet right so I would say a Barefoot style how do I learn to run in a new way though well I mean

there's some tricks so one of them is um first of all I don't know how you run so so so maybe maybe you already run just fine um but um a Barefoot style tends to

be um a high stride rate or high stride frequency so um 90 strides per minute or 180 steps per minute

roughly you know um 170 to 180 steps per minute is about right um relatively short strides so you're not throwing your leg out and to me the most important thing is not what we call over

striding if you ask any coach on the planet they'll say over striding is bad over striding is when you throw your leg out way in front of you and you land and that leg is a stiff leg so that a stiff

leg means more Force right um and a and um um and it's harder on your knees um and so if and so a good runner lands uh with their with their shank with their

tibia vertical so their ankle is below their knee when you do that pretty much everything will work out properly right um it'll mean that you won't land hard on your heel it'll

mean that your your leg will be acting like an excellent spring you willon produce a lot of breaking force um it's a it's a it's I to me I think the most important skill in running is not to

overstride um and um so I actually tell instead so don't worry about how you're going to hit the ground just worry about your overstride if you solve your over DED you're more likely to run well what

do you think's um what's the best kind of sort of cardiovascular exercise for the promotion of good health because I've been doing some CrossFit stuff I've been doing some hit workouts um I've

been trying not to run because I've had a few injuries and trying not to run as much because it seems to be a little bit more impact than if I'm bullshitting myself there but um so I've been doing some like hit workouts every for 30

minutes a day when I leave here well you do hit you hit hit hit works every single day pretty much every day at the moment we track it with a group of friends we have there's 10 of us in a WhatsApp group whoever's L whoever does

the least workouts every month is evicted and there's a raffle so there's a raffle yesterday on the first was it the first yesterday yeah for a new member and we do that every month and we've done it for three and a half years that's great I've been in there I was

the first ever member so I've been in there for three and a half years well I think you know I mean the most the best exercise the one you like doing is there one that's like better you know like the you know I think you

got to mix it up there is no one perfect exercise right I mean I think what you do sounds actually pretty good right you got a mixture of of of you know low slow

intensity some some high intensity you want to have some strength training you want to have some cardio I mean we never evolve to do one thing and our bodies are too complex to benefit from just one

thing uh mixing it up is is the obvious way to go right um I think the Bedrock for any kind of physical I mean you ask anybody right cardio is the Bedrock of

of of of of of exercise right it it promotes the most health benefits right it's good for your good you know you're burning energy it's good for your cardiovascular system it's good for

controlling inflammation but but but there are different kinds of cardio in high intensity versus low intensity and there's also strength training right uh which is also you know important so you

know there's no look we've tried to medicalize exercise right it's like a like there's a proper dose right you know take this pill this many mill migs

this many times per week right exercise it doesn't work that way there is no there is no optimal dose everybody's different depends on are you more worried about heart disease or

Alzheimer's or diabetes or depression or you know are you previously injured are you fit are you unfit there it's impossible to prescribe exercise in this

kind of medicalized way it doesn't work a lot of people exercise because they believe it will help them to lose fat ah one of the biggest debates on the planet it has been a huge debate even on this

podcast I've had multiple people come and say a whole range of things about weight loss and cardio and I'm kind of I don't know what to believe anymore well anybody who wasn't confused

doesn't understand what's going on right you know it's um it's sad that there such a debate um but um but that's how science works

right so um as you know I wrote about that in this book um part of the explanation for the

debate is that again what dose are you analyzing in what population in what kind of context right so the pretty much every major Health Organization in the

world recommends that you get 150 minutes per week of fysical activity that's kind of like The Benchmark that's what the you know the wh who the World Health Organization considers the the

division between being sedentary versus active so and and a lot of people are unfit and overweight and struggling to be physically active have struggled to get

150 minutes a week right so a lot of studies prescribe 150 minutes a week of exercise walking for example a moderate intensity ex physical activity and then look at effects on weight loss and guess

what when you when you walk 150 minutes a week which is what 20 minutes a day of walking which is about a mile a mile a day you're not going to lose much weight you're basically burning about 50 50

calories a day doing that right that's a ping amount of calories compared to drinking a glass of orange juice right so so surprise surprise those kinds of

studies show that those doses of physical activity are not very effective for weight loss however plenty of rigorous controlled studies that look at

higher doses of physical activity 300 minutes a week or more find that they are effective losing for helping people lose weight but not fast and not large quantities so you're never going to lose a lot of weight really fast by

exercising it's just not going to happen because you know a cheeseburger has what you know 800 900 calories you have to run you know 15 kilometers to lose that to to burn the same number of calories

you're going to be hungry afterwards too so you're going to make some of that back you have compensation so so physical activity is a is actually there's just no way around it you have to be a flat earther not to

argue this way but there you know there physical activity can help you lose weight but it's not going to can help you lose a lot of weight fast and not at the low doses that often are prescribed but the one thing that we do agree on

and I think this would not be controversial is that physical activity is really important for helping people prevent themselves from gaining weight or after a diet from regaining weight

and there are many many studies which show this one of my favorite was a study that was done in in Boston on policemen you know policemen are kind of have a reputation for you know having too many donuts and being overweight right and

Boston is no exception so they did this great study at at at Boston University right across the across the river where they got a bunch of policemen on a diet really severe diet the policemen

all lost weight but some of the policemen were were had to diet and exercise some just dieted alone and as you might imagine the ones who dieted plus exercise lost a little bit more

weight not a lot just a little but and then they tracked them for months afterwards because most people after a diet the weight comes just crashing back right the policeman who's kept exercising even after the diet was over

and they went back to eating whatever the hell they wanted donuts whatever they're the ones who kept the weight off but the ones who didn't exercise the weight came crushing back another good example would be the have

you ever seen the TV show The Biggest Loser uh yes where they people go on and lose weight yeah so that so there's crazy show right these people you know this is like totally unhealthy they were confined to a Ranch in Malibu and these

guy these people lost ridiculous amounts of weight guy named um Kevin Hall at the National Institute of Health studied them for for for years afterwards and looked at and most of them regained a lot of the weight that they lost and

there was one person on the show who did not and that was the person who kept exercising right and that's you know just yet more when said one data point but there's lots and lots of evidence to show that physical activity what it's

other important benefit when it comes to weight is is preventing weight gain or weight regain when we talk about dieting we talk about exercise or Diet exercise or Diet like why is it an or I mean why

isn't it exercise and diet diet is of course the Bedrock for weight loss but exercise also plays an important role and should be part of the mix on the um

police example and The Biggest Loser example I can relate in the sense that when I exercise when I go through the the moments of my life where I'm most

committed to exercise I'm also most committed to my diet yeah because I if I go to the gym I will not then leave the gym and have a donut or a pizza

absolutely not it seems like wasting the effort so if you look at the sort of correlation between the moments in my life where I eat healthiest they're also the moments in my life where I'm most most focused on the gym and I noticed

there was a couple of months ago had a bit of a motivation slump managed to stay in our little WhatsApp group but coasted down the bottom of the leaderboard for for a couple of months on and just like surviving every month

by one um and through those moments my motivation in the gym had gone down and my diet had gone down the minute I managed to get in the gym into a big

workout the same day my diet came back yeah of course right and they coary right and and that's one of the reasons why when people do big studies of of you know what you know you can look at what

what what people die of right what's on the death certificate you know cancer heart disease whatever heart attack um and then you look at what caused the cancer what caused the heart dis when people try to do that it's almost

impossible to separate diet and exercise because people who tend to eat better also tend to exercise more they're both in our modern upside down chopsy Turvy world they're both markers of privilege

people have money to go to the gym also have money to buy healthy foods and um um and people who care about their physical activity also tend to care

about their diet so so at that level they're very hard to separate however if you're studying a particular component of a system in a randomized controls

trial in a lab you can separate them out and so we know that have independent and also interactive effects what is the um the most important thing we haven't talked about Daniel I think the most

important thing is that we need to be compassionate towards each other I mean there's so much shaming and blaming and prescriptions and you know um um you

know the reason I entitled the book exercised is that people we make people feel exercised about exercise we make them

feel uncomfortable and un confident and shamed and and you know here you and I are having this conversation but I can tell that you you take you know you're you're I mean I know I've listened to

enough of your podcast you care about your your health and you care about diet you care about exercise and people may look at you and think gosh I wish I was like him but it's just not me you know I can't I'm not I'm not there right and

they may feel put off by our conversation and I think that so often these discussions make people feel feel bad about about what they're doing and I and I and I and I and I think that what

we need to emphasize is that if you put a you know if you put a chocolate cake and an apple in front of me here I would want to eat the chocolate cake and it would I might eat the apple only because you're there but if you weren't there I

would eat the chocolate cake right and and and when I'm in the in the in my building at at Harvard my office is on the fifth floor of this old Victorian building every single day I want to take

the elevator and the only reason I take the stairs is that if anybody catches me in the elevator I'll be a hypocrite it's not that I don't want to take the elevator I do want to take the elevator

right I guess you guys say Lift right um and and and we make people feel bad for taking the elevator right um they shouldn't feel bad it's an instinct and so I think we have to figure out ways to

help people without shaming them and without blaming them and without bragging and whatever make you know you know talking about you know the marathon they ran or this that or the other make

them feel um less uncomfortable about the topic and realize that you don't have to swim the English Channel or run a marathon or you know join your WhatsApp group and do crazy hit workouts every day by the way you don't need to

do hit workouts every day to get the benefit um um instead just you know taking the stairs in your building every day you know anything is better than nothing and and you'll get benefits from

that and I hope that that's the message that needs to get out right anything is better than nothing and if you can get started on that on that on that pathway then it'll it'll eventually become self-rewarding and and that and that

leads me to the other topic that we didn't talk about which is that the reward system of physical activity you know you and I if we go like I'm I'm really looking forward to my run tomorrow morning in the park I love running Central Park it's one of the

best places in the world to run right a fantastic view from the top and it's just gorgeous right um but when I run Central Park tomorrow I'm G to get a big dopamine hit I'm gonna my body is going

to produce all this dopamine which is the molecule that says do that again right it's a reward gamblers get dopamine hits right um people eat chocolate cake get a dopamine hit hit

right but if I were unfit and overweight I wouldn't get that dopamine hit and so when people start exercising they don't get the reward that people who are fit and accustomed to doing it get and then

they're made to feel bad like you didn't enjoy your run around Central Park well it takes months if not years before you actually get that reward really yeah because because uh just like being

overweight um causes you to become insensitive to insulin you become incens insensitive to all kinds of other hormones and neurotransmitters and dopamine is one of them so so it it's

not an instant like benefit right it's hard and so we need to be compassionate again towards people who are struggling to become fit and struggling to get the reward and also if you're overweight and you run around Central Park it's like like if I were carrying weights in

running around Central Park it'd be much harder right it's you know it's it's challenging and so we once you get you know into that state it's hard to get back to the state of activity and so we

we need as a as a society to to to help those folks rather than judge them those folks that are struggling and I was one of those folks that were struggling for many many years I would say to myself every year um pretty much all of my

adult life that this was going to be the year that I'd get fit I'd try all of these various different you know fad exercise things buy all this stuff I announced in 2017 that I was going to

work out every single day and that lasted for six months and then I yo-yoed back out of that it never stuck with me until

2020 and that's I've been exercising six days a week since 20 2020 82% of days and um I reflect and try and diagnose

how I went from someone who what was it that changed and if I can figure out what it was that changed at the most fundamental level in my mindset or my attitude or my life or whatever it was

then I can help other people figure out that too or at least give them more sound advice or at least be more empathetic whatever is required to help them you know and I have a platform here where I speak about exercise a lot and these things so

what's your suspicion what's your suspicion on what it is that makes people go from being you know maybe having a um a negative opinion towards exercise or their ability to be disciplined with it

to becoming an exerciser do you know I have this is a question that obsesses me in fact we have a big project right now a big Grant

to actually study this really right now um because I the more I study it the more I think it's social the more I think that um um again

I think people are Physically Active I.E

in our modern world exercise for two reasons when it's necessary or rewarding and what makes it rewarding for most people is the social aspect and that social aspect can take

many dimensions it can be running with a group of friends and you know you might want to go only a mile but your friends convinc you to run another Mile right and you end up

running two miles right or you're feeling bad and crappy and your you know your friends help you do it or I a running buddy right and I often you know meet meet friends for early morning runs and I can tell you that the evening

before it seems like a great idea to meet Aaron at 6 am on the corner of mass Aven lenan the next morning at 6 am. I

want to stay in bread with my wife you know I don't want I don't want to meet this nasty smelly guy you know at 6:00 a.m. in the cold and dark but I I agreed

a.m. in the cold and dark but I I agreed to meet him and out I go right and I'm usually glad I did it afterwards or um you know we can go on there other social ways in which which is but or dancing

right I mean nobody thinks of dancing as exercise but it's exercise right so that's one important social Dimension and the other one though is accountability um I describe in the book

I'm there's a there's a a friend of mine in San Francisco who was struggling to to to exercise so she signed up for a a a program it says company called stick.com I don't know if you've run

across it where it's a commitment contract where you send like $1,000 doar to them and they keep it in a bank account they probably invest it and make a lot of money on it too of course but

you set up a referee and and you agree that I'm G to not smoke or this or that or the other or in this case exercise and if you don't do it and your referee

is you know what you know keeping track of what you do um you get to choose something negative so in her case her husband is her referee and she doesn't walk can't remember what but every day

she has to walk a certain number of miles her husband will will tell her and and or tell the website and it'll send $50 to the NRA that week oh my God and

she hates the NRA with a burning passion what is the NRA n the National Rifle Association they're the they're the people who are trying to prevent gun control legislation in the United States and they have effectively prevented gun control legislation United States which

is now kills more children than cars in the United States so if she doesn't exercise she sorry she doesn't do it then then then money goes to this organization that she hates so this a this is a stick if there ever was one as opposed to a carrot and I don't think

she's every time I see her ask her you know you have you kept up the walk she says oh no yeah hasn't gotten a penny right so for her it's been very effective so it's she's made a commitment contract that that stings right that really hurts now I I think

that might be a little on the extreme side and I wouldn't necess recommend that to everybody but but she's accountable right she's made herself accountable in some ways and I think um

people can find ways to make themselves accountable to a friend a loved one a parent you know priest who knows what right um You Might um or or hire a

trainer that's mean that's kind of what a trainer does makes you accountable right I think so so those are again social ways to help people be more physically active so I think there are multiple ways of doing that and I

suspect that is going to be the most effective sort of set of tools that will help people one thing I actually do is the on the screen saver of my phone it has something that really inspires me so

I see every day and it's that reminder for me which reinforces my my why across my life it's actually my my home screen on my iPhone is actually a bit of a mood board for me we have a closing tradition on this podcast where the last guest

leaves a question for the next guest not knowing who they're going to leave it for and I don't get to see it until I open the book um the question is what is one aspect or feature of your life that

causes you the most friction SL discomfort and how can you change or fix it I would I would say

um it's my tendency to compare myself to others um uh I you know you know life is short

life is precious we're all experiments of one and uh when I think about when I when I when I engage in that oh so and

so has such and such um that's um that's a really bad habit that's a really bad trait and it never leads anywhere good it only leads towards either either I think about how I have more of something

than somebody else that leads to um uh I think uh unhealthy um feelings of Pride or feelings of jealousy um you know so and

so has this award or such and such and and uh that's um that's kind of pricious so I think that's a a bad habit that I uh I work hard to to

overcome because it changes your expectations of yourself and that change takes steals happiness it steals happiness yeah it steals happiness thank you for

the work you do Daniel very important very very important and increasingly important I think um when we look at the the health outcomes especially here in the United States of people I mean you actually share a number of them in the

book which I didn't didn't we didn't really go into but they're just horrifying yeah um that's scary out there especially as it Rel relates to exercise um there was one in particular

that I wrote down because it horrified me I can't it was just all the stats around the current Healthcare only 50% of Americans ever exercise ever really

ever ever and only 20% meet those very minimal World Health Organization standards where I we're a we're we're a

nation of couch potatoes and the rest of the world is headed our way but not if they get this book because it I think it is a real perspective changer and it's a real eyea

and it's a necessary one so thank you so much for w it you're fantastic at what you do and um I'm I'm now a huge fan of your work after delving in deeper and deeper and deeper um so I can't wait to see what you do next well thank you and

I recommend everyone to go get this book exercised because um yeah I thought I knew a lot about exercise but uh but from reading that and having that window into Hunter gather ancestors and tribes

and other cultures it really that whole idea of a mismatch life how mismatched my life is in so many fundamental ways from diet to exercise to socializing um

and these kind of books help to realign well thank you although it seems that you're doing a pretty good job I'm trying you know I think we're so far from being human though that there's still a long way to go for all of us so

thank you Daniel quick one as you know Airbnb are a sponsor of this podcast and I was actually in an Airbnb last weekend when me and my friends had a reunion in New York and it's from staying in airbnbs

over the years that led me to start hosting my own place I know friends of mine who actually Airbnb their own place in order to pay for the Airbnb they use when they're away on holiday which is

pretty smart and maybe you stayed in an Airbnb before and thought this is actually pretty doable maybe my place could be an Airbnb it could be as simple as starting with a spare room or your

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worth at airbnb.co slash host check it out find out how much your home is worth and let me know what you think

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