If You Understand This, You Understand Electronics

When you're starting on electronics, there's so many different components. It

can be real confusing about which ones are important and you actually need to know first. So, that's what we're going

know first. So, that's what we're going to cover today. These are just the essential electronic components that you're going to use pretty much every single time you do anything. Of course,

resistors. And then you have capacitors.

These things are just everywhere. I

mean, I do electronics for a living, and these are the components I use most every single day. Next, you have transistors or little switches, diodes, which are like little one-way valves.

So, you have all these electronic components that you're going to need when you start out, but you could buy them individually, or you could buy a starter kit. Doesn't matter which which

starter kit. Doesn't matter which which manufacturer, which one you get, they should generally have everything you need to get started. But what happens when you never when you inevitably run

out of these jumper wires or when you need a bigger capacitor that comes with the kit or you end up using all the five or 10 LEDs that it includes. So

eventually you're going to need to know to just kind of figure out how to use these components on your own. Where do

you use them? Why do you use them? When

you need more, where do you buy them?

And what do you look for when you buy them? So that's what we're going to be

them? So that's what we're going to be covering today. Starting with LEDs and

covering today. Starting with LEDs and resistors, the two components that together can explain most of how electricity works. So, let's see what's

electricity works. So, let's see what's inside this nice big starter kit. Oo,

bam. Nice.

This Eligoo starter kit. It's about $60.

It's got all those various components that we just talked about. everything

from capacitors, resistors, LEDs, diodes, enough components to get through your starter kit, to get through your first couple projects. Then after that, time to start buying yourself your own

kits. When you're a beginner in

kits. When you're a beginner in electronics, almost everything you're going to do is going to be on a breadboard. You know, it's got the plus

breadboard. You know, it's got the plus and minus power rails that run down each side, and it's got those little strips that run down here, like in little rows.

Well, you're going to need to apply power to your breadboard somehow. I like

these little tiny breadboard power supplies. They got the little connectors

supplies. They got the little connectors that pop right in and they have a little 9volt jack on top. So, I'm just going to add this attach this little connector to a 9volt battery. And as soon as I plug

it in, what do you notice? An LED comes on, right? How come you didn't see the

on, right? How come you didn't see the electricity flowing through the board?

That's right, cuz you can't see electricity. You can always go and try

electricity. You can always go and try to use a multimeter, but that means that you now have to take out your multimeter. You have to spend the time

multimeter. You have to spend the time getting it connected to things. You then

have to go and poke around and say, "Is this 5 volts?" Yep, that's 5 volts. Is

this 3.3 volts? No, it's 3.27 volts, but that's close enough.

You can't see electricity. And so you're going to run into this problem where if electronics don't have electricity, they don't work. It's like the number one

don't work. It's like the number one reason why they don't work. So by adding a simple LED, you can see, oh, look, there's actually power applied. Any type

of light will do, but the thing is you need it to be small, cheap, efficient, and work with low voltages. So LEDs it is. And you just basically use that

is. And you just basically use that trick everywhere. You have your power

trick everywhere. You have your power coming in, use an LED. If you have something being turned on, use an LED so that way when it's on, this little LED is shining. And when it's off, the LED

is shining. And when it's off, the LED is off. Yeah, you could always go and

is off. Yeah, you could always go and try to use some sort of screen like this. That means you need to have a

this. That means you need to have a microcontroller and you need to program it and connect it to all these different pins. So, what happens when you want to

pins. So, what happens when you want to just see is there a power applied? Add

an LED. If you if something is running or not, add an LED. is something in mode A, B, C, or D. Have four different LEDs, one for each mode. So, there's a billion

ways that you can use these, but the main reason why is sanity checks. You

don't want to go crazy trying to get out your multimemeter, checking all these things only to realize you accidentally unplugged your 9volt battery cuz you weren't around for a while, and when you

showed back up, you forgot to plug it in. It sounds stupid, but I probably

in. It sounds stupid, but I probably wasted days of my life with no powers connected. I make all these circuit

connected. I make all these circuit boards and I used to think I was better than adding LEDs. Why would I need an LED? I was just going to get it right.

LED? I was just going to get it right.

No. Nowadays, I had LEDs to almost everything I make. But more than just on or off, you can use LEDs to go and see what's approximate level of something,

right? So, the brighter the LED is,

right? So, the brighter the LED is, basically, the higher the voltage. So,

so many things in electronics basically output their reading like the sensor reading as a voltage. So, you could simply take your sensor, connect it up

to an LED, and when the LED is dim, you know it's low or basically off. If it's

medium brightness, you know it's a medium voltage. If it's high and bright,

medium voltage. If it's high and bright, you get it. So, they sound simple.

They're stupidly useful.

So, if you have your breadboard and you apply power, you then go and take out some LED. Let's go and grab this uh blue

some LED. Let's go and grab this uh blue one and see what happens. We'll just

plug it in. The the lead that it's a little bit longer is a positive. I just

remember it as plus longer minus less length. So, whatever you got to do to

length. So, whatever you got to do to remember it, but I'm just going to go and plug in the positive into the positive, negative, and negative. And

that was a really bright flash. But I

guess you know what they say, live fast, die young. This guy is he's going in the

die young. This guy is he's going in the trash. Let's try another one. Let's see

trash. Let's try another one. Let's see

if that was just uh an issue with that one particular LED. Let's grab another blue one. Remember, long lead is

blue one. Remember, long lead is positive and that it's not working right. Well, that's

because all these electronics, even LEDs, have a little bit of inefficiency to them. So that inefficiency gets burnt

to them. So that inefficiency gets burnt up as heat. So instead of giving the LEDs more juice than they can handle, let's try going and adding a resistor.

100K, that's too much. 10K, too much. 10

ohms, not enough. Let's try 1,00 ohm.

Just going to go and rip off one of these resistors. You just pull them

these resistors. You just pull them right off. Try not to pull off more than

right off. Try not to pull off more than just the one you wanted. I'm going to attach one between the power and one of these rows.

We're basically saying instead of going directly from the positive side to the LED to the negative side, we're going from the positive side through the resistor through that positive side

there and then back in a negative.

All right, look this thing is not melting. If we reverse this, let's see

melting. If we reverse this, let's see what will happen.

Nothing. And that's a diode part of a light emmitting diode. If you have it turned around, it's gonna be blocking electricity instead of allowing it to flow. So if we used 1,00 ohms of four,

flow. So if we used 1,00 ohms of four, what's going to happen if we swap this out with a 330 ohm resistor?

Well, it's brighter. So basically, the more resistance you add before the LED, the dimmer it's going to be. From 330 to 100 should be even brighter.

All right, that's pretty dang bright.

But it looks like that might be about as bright as we ever want to make it. Past

this, it just starts to melt itself. The

best option is to go and be conservative.

Adding something like a 1,00 ohm resistor, whether you're powering it with 5 volts or 3.3 volts, will tend to just work out. However, it's best to actually run the numbers. And luckily,

it's not hard. Just go and Google LED resistor calculator and click on the first one. They all basically work the

first one. They all basically work the same. You're going to enter the amount

same. You're going to enter the amount of volts coming in from your power supply, like 5 volts, and then however many volts your LED is going to use.

Just look at this little table. And I

know that my red LEDs tend to just be 2 volts. And they like to use about a

volts. And they like to use about a maximum of 25 milliamps. So, I'll type that in. And look, you can see why that

that in. And look, you can see why that 100 ohm resistor was so dang bright and almost melting. is basically at its

almost melting. is basically at its limit. Let's try something a little more

limit. Let's try something a little more reasonable like 10 milliamps. And you

can see that resistance value of 300 is very close to the 330 we used before.

And if we type in a very low amount, like 3 milliamps, that's just enough for you to be able to go and see it with your eye. And here's my own little

your eye. And here's my own little calculator that I made. And it basically just shows you the formulas with the numbers substituted right in. You can

see as you just change it, for example, to 9 volts, it starts swapping around values. It's really not that crazy math.

values. It's really not that crazy math.

It's just x - y / z. The best way to learn how to do this is just by doing.

And if you don't always have a breadboard available to you, then check out today's sponsor, Brilliant, where you can actually learn how to do this stuff. They have courses that will teach

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Scan the QR code on screen or click the link in the description. Brilliant's

also given our viewers 20% off an annual premium subscription which gives you unlimited daily access to everything on Brilliant. Every LED has something

Brilliant. Every LED has something called a forward voltage. That's the

amount of volts it needs to start doing anything. If you provide less than that,

anything. If you provide less than that, it doesn't do anything. You provide more than that, the current or amp starts to increase quickly. That's why you add a

increase quickly. That's why you add a resistor. It doesn't change the LED. It

resistor. It doesn't change the LED. It

makes the whole system a lot less sensitive. So, a small increase in

sensitive. So, a small increase in voltage doesn't create a huge increase in current.

Same LED, same forward voltage. Now the

current just stays in the safe range.

When you start to use more than one LED, how you connect them matters. Two LEDs

in series will need roughly twice the voltage, but the exact same amount of amps will flow through all of them. In

parallel, the voltage stays the same, but the current splits. This is where people can get in trouble because each LED is actually slightly different than each other. So remember that whole tiny

each other. So remember that whole tiny change in voltage, big change in current. Well, since all these LEDs are

current. Well, since all these LEDs are slightly different, if you apply the same voltage to all of them, some will be a little brighter than the others.

And that's why you need to have a resistor going to each individual LED.

You can buy LEDs everywhere from Teimu to AliExpress to this place called Adafruit, which has really high quality electronics, but they tend to be the most expensive. So, for all of us, we're

most expensive. So, for all of us, we're probably just going to go and buy it off Amazon, right? I have two favorite

Amazon, right? I have two favorite brands. One is Bojack, which is

brands. One is Bojack, which is basically the one I've been using forever. They are fairly good price

forever. They are fairly good price components and pretty dang good quality.

So that's why I go for them because there's a lot of random sellers in the world of electronics who just import a few and sell them. Trust me, I used to do that myself. So Bojack, they're a

pretty reputable brand. But there's this new brand called E 5 E. And if I was starting over from

5 E. And if I was starting over from scratch, I would probably go and buy some of these. They tend to be a little bit more money, but they're so convenient because once you have six or

10 of these and you have LEDs, resistors capacitors diodes MOSFETs transistors, all that stuff, you can just kind of grab the book you need, open up the slot that has the components

you want in them, take one out, close that slot, and you're done. The standard

LED size is 5 mm, but if you want something smaller, you can get a 3mm wide LED. You can see they're physically

wide LED. You can see they're physically much much smaller and they tend to produce enough light for most your needs. However, if you need something

needs. However, if you need something really bright, they also sell high power LEDs. However, once you start having

LEDs. However, once you start having that amount of light coming out of such a small place, that's a lot of heat to get rid of. So, if you want to get something like a chip on board or a Cobb

LED, they get from 5 watts to 10 watts, even 50 watts. The main problem you're going to have is dissipating all the heat they're going to generate. So they

tend to have a high failure rate or dud rate to begin with. But if you need a very specific shade of color for the light output, you can buy LEDs not just in red, a very specific shade of red.

But if you you also need like white lights, they have those really white bluish lights, more like daylight that around 5,000 Kelvin. And then they also have more of those reddish yellowish

white lights at around 2700° Kelvin. So

whatever you need, including if you're growing plants, they have plant spectrum lights for that. But I'd recommend just getting a standard 5mm wide variety pack that has multiple colors in it. It's

what you're going to be using almost every time. I have these Amazon links in

every time. I have these Amazon links in the description. However, you could buy

the description. However, you could buy these any place you want. Amazon,

AliExpress, Teimu. I would just recommend try to not get the absolute cheapest because some decent quality components will probably save you some headaches later on. So, the next thing

we're talking about are resistors. And

yes, they are as simple as they sound.

All they do is add resistance to a circuit. As a beginner in electronics,

circuit. As a beginner in electronics, you can just think of resistors as limiting the amount of amps that can flow through a circuit. Like with the LEDs, it doesn't matter if you say amps or current. But why do you actually need

or current. But why do you actually need that? Well, because you would never

that? Well, because you would never drink directly out of a fire hose, and you would never go and hook up a big 10-in high-pressure water pipe to your sink because you just don't need that

much pressure and volume for the application, right? So, same thing with

application, right? So, same thing with the electronics. If I go and attach this

the electronics. If I go and attach this 9volt battery, it can actually go and output enough power to fry the LED as you saw, but it also has enough to fry

your microcontrollers, your sensors, whatever else electronics you throw at it, except for basically maybe like a a motor and a big capacitor,

your little 9volt battery or your benchtop power supply or your USB cable.

that can all basically provide enough volts and amps to just wreck havoc. So,

you just kind of play it safe. You add

resistors so that way you don't have that equivalent of a big 10-in water pipe coming into your sink. You have

that 10- in coming to your neighborhood and then it reduces maybe 4 in to get to your house and then it goes down to 2 in to run through your house, but by the time it gets to your sink, it's only 1

in wide. And that's because that's the

in wide. And that's because that's the amount of water pressure and volume you need for that application. So, same

thing with it with the LEDs, you add the right resistance. But if you have like a

right resistance. But if you have like a microcontroller and you're turning something on and off using those GPIO pins, what you're actually doing is turning on a switch and then turning it

off really, really dang fast. It's not

like with the sink and you're slowly opening it. You're basically going from

opening it. You're basically going from close to instantly open and then back to close. There's a saying in electronics,

close. There's a saying in electronics, you're either making a radio on purpose or on accident. And that's because whenever the voltage changes,

it kind of creates this electric field.

And whenever the amps change, you're creating a magnetic field, electromagnetism like radio. So, all I'm trying to say is

like radio. So, all I'm trying to say is if you change something real quickly, whether it's you you go and turn on something and apply volts and it goes from zero volts to 5 volts and then 5

volts to zero volts and it does that quickly. These are things that basically

quickly. These are things that basically cause radio waves and electromagnetic interference. And there's just no way

interference. And there's just no way around it. The amount of interference

around it. The amount of interference electricity you radiate out basically is determined by how fast the voltage changes per second and the amps change

per second and lengths of wires or traces. I mean it it's complicated. It's

traces. I mean it it's complicated. It's

it's like rocket science by radios. I

mean it's it's like crazy peak electronics. Long story short, add a

electronics. Long story short, add a resistor so you can limit the amount of amps so you can limit the amount of electromagnetic interference and reduce ringing and all sorts of other things.

If you want to control accidentally melting things. If you want to control noise, if you want to go and basically be safe and not accidentally have a little short circuit and

everything go poof because you're dumping so much power into it, guard certain things with resistors. Another

thing you can do is what's called pulse with modulation. It's fancier than

with modulation. It's fancier than resistors because resistors just work.

100% of the time they will work. So,

it's another way that you can kind of limit the amount of amps by basically flicking on and off a switch very quickly. But, as you remember, doing

quickly. But, as you remember, doing that causes changes in volts, changes in amps. You don't have to overthink it too

amps. You don't have to overthink it too much initially, but that's just one reason why resistors are everywhere. So,

now we're going to look a little bit more into the actual math behind it. It

it basically will answer all these questions you have like how come when I have a wire the it has 12 volts coming in and 11 or so volts coming out. Where

do those volts go? If you ever have a question about anything with math and electronics, this is probably going to be the formula that will answer your question when you're starting out. It's

basically the only thing you need to know. In electronics, when we're talking

know. In electronics, when we're talking about a circuit, we're generally talking about the path of electricity going from the plus side through something else and out to the minus side. You need to

basically have two things connected on the plus and the minus for electricity to actually flow. But it doesn't matter where the resistor is located in the

circuit. All that matters to determine

circuit. All that matters to determine the amount of amps flowing is a total resistance such as the resistance of the wire through the LED through the other

wire through the resistor and back to the power source. So when we're looking at Ohm's law, it doesn't matter where your resistors are. It just it just matters that you count the total amount

of stuff between the positive and the negative side of your power source. My

favorite thing about Ohm's law is how simple it is. volts equals amps time resistance. If you know any two values,

resistance. If you know any two values, you can easily calculate the third. So

if you know the volts and the amps, you can calculate the resistance. If you

know the volts and the resistance, you can calculate the amps. If you know the amps and the resistance, you can calculate the volts. With a simple formula like this, you can see if you hold one of these numbers steady, like

the volts coming in, let's say it's a rock solid 9volt battery. If the

resistance goes down, the amps are going to go up. And if the resistance goes up, the amps are going to go down. So

according to Ohm's law, we should be able to figure out what's the resistance of this single wire by using our benchtop power supply. I'm going to turn the volts and amps all the way off.

Going to go and connect a wire straight between the positive and the negative.

This is basically a short circuit except for what resistance is in here. I'm

going to make sure it's all the way off.

Turn up the amps a little bit, the volts a little bit, and just keep on doing this dance until it barely turns on. So, I'm going to turn up this current. And so, it's

just about 1 amp. You want to be very careful when doing this because anything too high will basically melt this wire. So, now that you see it's set

this wire. So, now that you see it's set to constant current, it's limiting the amount of amps flowing through this wire to about 1.00 amps exactly. We can now

increase the voltage. And you see that doesn't actually change. It stays at 0.13 volts. So let's put this in the ohmsog

volts. So let's put this in the ohmsog calculator and see what resistance we get. Let's go and add a second wire in

get. Let's go and add a second wire in parallel and see what happens. Oh,

shoot. So now we have two wires. And

when I turn it on, that volts should be just about half. So the volts are actually so small, it's not even picking it up. So, I'm going to go and increase

it up. So, I'm going to go and increase this to about 2 amps. Go very slowly.

All right. Now, you can see that we are basically at 0.2 volts. We could

actually keep on doing this and get a more and more accurate reading. So,

let's see what happens when we connect five wires.

We can go and crank up the amps even more with this. I'm thinking maybe four or five amps for a very short time.

It got up to 0.6 volts.

Let's talk about how voltage drops across a wire. It's basically all related to the resistance and the amount of amps flowing through that wire. So 12

volts in 1 ohm. Let's see what happens if we apply 1 amp. That's the drop.

Let's say we apply 2 amps, 3 amps, 5 amps. You can see it's just

amps. You can see it's just proportionate. And that's what I love

proportionate. And that's what I love about this is it's not hard, but it's going to explain almost every number that you're going to need to come up with when you start out in electronics.

A lot of sensors in electronics are just variable resistors. This thing here

variable resistors. This thing here called a potentiometer just turns angle into resistance. Basically, you turn it

into resistance. Basically, you turn it counterclockwise and you get less resistance. You turn it clockwise, you

resistance. You turn it clockwise, you get more resistance. Light sensors,

pressure sensors, and weight sensors all work the same way. They just output their signal by basically changing resistance instead of directly outputting the voltage. So, how do you measure resistance with a

microcontroller then? With another

microcontroller then? With another resistor, of course.

This setup is called a voltage divider.

You add two series resistors between some voltage and ground, aka zero volt.

So that way in the middle here, you're able to go and extract some voltage between zero and the input voltage all depending on what's that ratio of this

top and this bottom resistor. One cool

fact is that if you use the same resistor value in the top and the bottom, you're going to get exactly half the input voltage out. So, how do we

measure a resistor then? Well, we have two out of the three inputs be known. We

use, for example, a known input voltage.

One of those two resistors has to be known. And then we can read the output

known. And then we can read the output voltage, do a little math with our resistor divider formula, and calculate what's that mysterious resistor's actual resistance. One practical thing, though,

resistance. One practical thing, though, when you're doing this, you're always burning a little bit of power between your input voltage and the ground. So,

you usually use a fairly large resistor value, like 10k or higher, and that way you're not wasting electricity for no reason. A voltage divider can be used to

reason. A voltage divider can be used to measure voltages that are higher than what your microcontroller can handle.

Most microcontrollers top out around 3.3 or 5 volts, but batteries and power supplies are often much higher than that. A 12volt battery can often be

that. A 12volt battery can often be closer to 15 volts when it's fully charged. So you divide it down. If you

charged. So you divide it down. If you

have 15 volts in, divide it by 5 and now you have 3 volts out max. That's safe to measure. Then in software, you just

measure. Then in software, you just multiply it by five. Again, this 5 volts cut in half goes and drops as soon as you apply something as small as an LED

to it. And that's because Ohm's law,

to it. And that's because Ohm's law, remember the whole volts drop when you have amps in resistance. A little bit of amps times a lot of resistance means a

lot of voltage drop. You'll see even just this LED tanks by from about 2.5 volts to 2.25 volts. So you can definitely measure signals and things

like that, measure resistance with the voltage divider. You just can't power

voltage divider. You just can't power anything. Time for the last important

anything. Time for the last important thing, resistor power ratings.

Resistors turn electricity into heat, and we measure that with watts. You

know, just like a 60W light bulb, those watts. The formula to calculate the

watts. The formula to calculate the amount of watts each of these resistors will basically turn into heat is equal to the resistance time amps squared.

It's that amps squared that really gets you in the end. You have twice the amps, you get four times the heat. Three times

amps, you get nine times the heat. see

why things they don't tend to fail slowly. A little increase in amps means

slowly. A little increase in amps means a lot more heat means things go from working fine to suddenly melting and failing. Bigger resistors have more

failing. Bigger resistors have more surface area and more mass so they can dump more heat into the air without melting. Quarter watt, half watt, 1

melting. Quarter watt, half watt, 1 watt, 2 watt, and 5 watts are all common ratings. There is kind of a trick to get

ratings. There is kind of a trick to get around this. Let's say you have one 10

around this. Let's say you have one 10 ohm resistor and it's getting too hot.

What you could do is swap it out with four 40 ohm resistors in parallel. That

same amount of watts heat will be generated by all these four resistors and it'll have the same equivalent resistance as a 10 ohm resistor, but now you're spreading that heat amongst four

different things. That's a lot more

different things. That's a lot more leniency to prevent it from melting and failing. As long as you scale the amount

failing. As long as you scale the amount of ohms with the number of resistors evenly, the math stays simple. For

buying parts, here's some practical advice. these little cheapo quarter watt

advice. these little cheapo quarter watt resistors, they're actually fine. Most

of the time when I need a resistor, they will do the job. But if I'm gonna have something that's going to dissipate any decent amount of heat, I tend to use these larger 2 watt resistors. As for

resistor types, carbon film is normally the absolute bottom barrel cheapest, but it's kind of old tech. It's a little bit noisy. And these days, these metal film

noisy. And these days, these metal film resistors are pretty much just as cheap, but they tend to be more stable and a little bit more reliable over a wide range of temperatures. But if you really

need to go and burn up a lot of heat, ceramic wire around resistors are where it's at. It's basically a wire wrapped

it's at. It's basically a wire wrapped around something covered in ceramic, you know, like clay type stuff, and that thing can just get really dang hot. So,

for what you're going to be using, just get some quarter watt and two watt metal film resistors, and that's good for almost all your needs starting out.

You're not going to be pushing the power limits of these resistors anyways, and you're not going to need that many of them. So, honestly, it doesn't matter

them. So, honestly, it doesn't matter which one you get. Doesn't matter if you get a quarter watt carbon film, cheapest kit you can get that has only 25 different resistor values in it and it

costs $5 delivered. It's probably going to be plenty good enough when you're starting out, but eventually you're going to want more values and you're going to want them to have a little bit more power rating. But for now, get

whatever you want. All right, so that's the first two fundamental electronic components, LEDs and resistors. And

yeah, I actually did go and buy myself one of these little book things, and they're handy. But you know what? These

they're handy. But you know what? These

LEDs work just like any other LEDs.

Whether they're ones you buy from Teimu or AliExpress or some random place or you get them in a kit or you even scavenge them off some old electronics before you throw them away. They're all

going to basically work the same.

Remember, these little cheapo resistors, they work fine for like 90% of the time you need a resistor. Those cheap ones will do you. So,

doesn't matter what you're going to do in electronics, just learn these fundamentals about how these components work because that way you're not going to be looking for tutorials and guides about how to do everything. You're going

to know how it all works fundamentally so you can just build stuff from scratch. I've been building stuff from

scratch. I've been building stuff from scratch this past two months as I've been busy. I've been making circuit

been busy. I've been making circuit boards on my CNC machine. Been 3D

printing enclosures with nice snap fit lid so that way you get that satisfying when you close them. Being real durable.

Jeez, I'm going to break my table before I break this. But you just got to learn how to go and combine these essential machines, these essential components,

and then you can make basically whatever you want. So, let me know what you guys

you want. So, let me know what you guys want to see. I know I've been busy working making contract engineering stuff for my clients rather than YouTube videos, but that's because I'm actually

doing the stuff every single day. So, if

you have any questions, if you have any topics you'd like to see me cover, please let me know in the comments. I'm

trying to figure out what to do on YouTube. Do I want to start making more

YouTube. Do I want to start making more quick weekend projects, like doing beginner projects, like I I haven't done a beginner project in probably 10 years.

I don't I don't know what I do, but something with LEDs and resistors, I bet. So, I hope you enjoyed this. Thank

bet. So, I hope you enjoyed this. Thank

you very much for watching it. Thank you

for Brilliant for sponsoring this video.

Really, if you want to go and get good at Ohm's law, resistor dividers, and stuff like that, and just get used to just doing it quickly, go through the app for maybe 10, 20 minutes a day and

just have your brain starting to go and starting to think in electronics, how things are connected, how the ratios of resistors and voltage and amps and all that stuff work out. So, whatever it is

that you want to do, I hope you go out there and make something awesome.