Webinar | Discover the New MALA’s and RadSys’s 600 MHz Drone-based GPRs and DJI M400 Compatibility

Let's start uh a little bit about technology. Little bit about technology

technology. Little bit about technology because we at the moment don't know is

everybody knows about GPR or not. So

what is GPR? GPR it's radar. radar which

emits electromagnetic impulses usually down. Let's straight down

down. Let's straight down and it digitizes reflected signals from surface and from

subsurface anomalies.

Uh what are what are reflectors? reflectors

for electromagnetic waves. It is not just a metallic objects or pipe or something. It's a different mediums or

something. It's a different mediums or items with different electrical permitivity.

For example, a GPR can detect not only a metal pipe in soil, but it can also detect the layers of different soils or

soils with different humidity or water content because such mediums will have a diff different electrical permitivity.

uh when GPR receives uh uh receives uh reflected signal it digitized it and standard result of GPR survey will be in

a digital form of course but uh most standard representation of uh GPR data is so-called uh

two-dimensional profile. So if GPR is

two-dimensional profile. So if GPR is traveling from left to right like here on the picture it can be not only an

onboard GPR it can be GPR on the card.

Uh first what we will see we will see reflection from the surface it is that strong line.

Uh if antenna is elevated a little bit above the surface usually we will see such reflection and also we may see

layers like here we reflection from the different layers of soil. Uh and also we may see something like hyperbolas here.

In that particular case uh uh hyperbolas are pipes uh crossed in perpendicular direction.

uh such a representation of the data is actually too technical I can say and uh usually after processing we can provide

uh uh more understandable or better uh representation or interpretation per day

even in two dimensional profiles we can mark uh u interfaces of margin between different soil layers like here it's a

surface and here is uh margin between sandy soil and bedrock yellow line and uh we mark it two gas

pipes which are on tops of hyperbolas in that survey we can provide as a result of GPR data

uh two uh horizontal slices um at the same depth under the surface.

And here uh in that representation we can see uh the same pipes actually but from above

and we can provide we can generate 3D representation like here it requires a bit of more work for the data interpretation and processing but 3D

representation threedimensional representation is also possible and one more standard product of GPR surveys case is thickness maps. In that

particular uh case, it is thickness map of ice uh in ice covering uh lake close to our

office.

So we can profile the ice. We can

generate uh colored picture of the ice thickness or we can export uh XY Z file with the same thickness of the eyes.

It can be not only ice of course it can be for example thickness of the sand layer or bedrock or something like that or thickness of

gra.

So here are four more or less standard products of GPR surveys. uh standard

products I mean in the form which can be provided to the customer of uh GPR technology is not new actually

and uh they are uh few standard methods how we can carry or how how we can use GPR

most standard method I don't know maybe 90% maybe 99% of all GPR surveys are with GPR on a card like

on that photo.

Uh why that method is uh most popular because majority of GPR applications actually are inside of cities on the

streets on squares to find underground utilities. It's a most popular JPR

utilities. It's a most popular JPR application.

Uh what that application means? Uh quite

confined spaces.

Uh not very big survey areas. Sometimes

it's just a few square meters because before new digging and in such uh surveys in such

environment uh cart uh with GPR is most optimal variant to use GPR.

Second also very popular method. Some

GPR systems uh can be used in box or on a sled and GPR can be dragged. Here is

photo from Greenland. It's me. I'm

dragging 500 meg system over over glacia. Actually I even don't remember

glacia. Actually I even don't remember why I didn't use a drone here. And that

survey actually was pain. It was not very easy to to to to walk over snow but such option is also possible

uh exactly in similar conditions when we cannot use a cart because uh uh be uh

capacity possibility to push the cart over snow or over some I don't know bo

uh it may be actually not possible In in such cases, we can just pack GPR into the box or place it on a sled and drop

it.

Also also many many GPR systems allow uh kind of manual survey when you carry GPR

antenna GPR system in hand like here. It

is zont real life low frequency system and you can use it using provided handle. So you will may start data

handle. So you will may start data recording uh and just walk with GPR

and uh last last method which becames more and more popular it's GPR mounted on the drone but again uh I don't I

think it's my opinion that most popular uh uh method to use GPR will be of course a card uh but but

uh If you will compare, if you'll consider uh drone mounted GPR applications, uh why GPR on on a drone

can be optimal? First of all, if you need to survey large areas without obstacles and vegetation

or with very low vegetation when it is uh uh uh hard or uh not safe to walk in survey area for example over

the glacia.

uh but uh drone mounted GPRs will never substitute uh old existing methods and uh it is very important to have

universal GPRs which can be use it on card on drones in in hands.

Uh that's all I think about technology.

Let's start let's start introduction and comparison of new uh GPR systems. Uh

from our history, we started to work with airon GPRs in 2017

and uh 600 meg systems are new for our portfolio. They fill the gap be between

portfolio. They fill the gap be between uh very high frequency systems and low frequency systems. So here on the left is Mala Geod drone

600 and uh here uh orange box is mala geod

drone uh sorry radar system zontra 600 600 means uh central frequency of GPR and actually it's a main parameter of

GPR it defines strictly defines uh practical maximum penetration into soils or into mediums into uh ice snow

and also it defines it defines uh resolution of the weight. Both radar

systems have uh the same central frequency. That means they should have

frequency. That means they should have similar parameters or and similar or absolutely the same I should say absolutely the same applications

possible applications.

Uh of course of course uh main main question regarding GPR what data they deliver. Here are two screenshots of GPR

deliver. Here are two screenshots of GPR data collected in the same way. I will try to show you video how the the data sets

were collected.

It is it is small geodrome.

Uh that's a road close to our office and we use uh exactly the same line as a kind

of benchmark benchmarking line for all our GPR tests.

Why we are flying over the road? because

it's the left and right side uh from the road here is mix of heavy and usually very wet soil

mix under the road is more or less dry and we have very interesting strata layers under the road. So we can compare

data collected using different using using different GPS systems. Uh so what we got what we got in result

one of data sets is collected using malajron second data set collected zontra 600 and actually I forgot

what data set uh is from what JPR system I prepared that screenshots yesterday

and when I uh uh uh uh passed uh both images in on the

slide actually I forgot I forgot and it is good because I don't want here to have a discussion what what apples

are greener what what is better because they deliver both GPR systems deliver exactly uh uh

exactly what we expect from 600 600 uh megahertz system. You can see you

can see that data is very very similar even in small details.

There is uh of course uh uh some differences and main source of differences is that uh

we did tests in different time formal geod drone we collected data set in the middle of summers as I remember in July

era 600 we collected data in the middle of September.

So humidity uh or water content in the soil mix was different bit different bit different surface conditions

but we can see the data is uh from both systems is very good and it is very very similar.

So in terms of data uh in terms of data and in terms of penetration resolution uh both systems work as expected from

600 m.

Here are uh main technical parameters of both systems. Uh both Geodron and Zontra

600 are single channel GPRs with shielded antennas.

Shielded antennas uh shielded antenna means that they emit most of the most of the energy of electromagnetic waves straight down.

They have the same central frequency.

They have a bit different bit different uh frequency range because GPR GPR what is the maybe uh main difference between

uh ground penetrating radar and navigation radars? Navigation radars uh

navigation radars? Navigation radars uh use very narrow frequency range to get very high resolution and to get very uh

predictable predictable results actually.

For ground penetrating creators, it is common to to have very high frequency range of uh uh antenna

to achieve from one side deeper penetration for the lower part of spectrum and better resolution for

higher part of spectrum for more shallow layers. So here is small difference in

layers. So here is small difference in theory. In theory

theory. In theory uh geod drone should have a bit deeper penetration.

Zontra should have a bit better resolution in shallow layer but it is just in theory. We can see the data

almost the same.

Both systems use real time sampling with a bit different marketing wording.

Mala use uh wording mala HDR technology.

Radar systems use just realtime sampling with high hardware base tech but technically in terms of delivery delivery data and I suspect

implementation is also the same or very similar both raiders

uh digitized the data using 32 bits that means very high dynamic range uh of data

that means that radar can show very small differences in recorded signal.

Uh data for mala geod drone is recorded in a mal proprietary format but that format is supported by uh many uh

processing software packages. Of course

mala supplies own software. It is called mala vision.

uh very popular uh online uh system uh for the GPR data processing called Jolytics also supports Mala and I found

that Prism 2 software from radar system manufacturer of Zantara also supports Mala data files. Very interesting.

uh data from zontra is logged in most standard format called uh sigu and it is supported virtually by any many any

software or jer data processing size is uh bit different uh malad drone

is more slim but it more longer and uh main difference in the formal parameters It's a weight. Mala has

weight 2.7 kg.

Zontra has weight 1.7 kg.

Uh difference is 1 kilogram. It can be quite quite uh important factor when you select uh

radar or when you plan service because 1 kilogram difference uh means approximately 10 minutes of

light time difference for DJ 350 for example but that will not be uh uh so important for DJ M400 for example. So

full specs you can find by links you will you all will receive a copy of presentation.

So we saw that uh radars are uh radars deliver very similar or practically the same data but where is the real difference between systems not only

weight and not only color and shape.

Uh I should say that uh molded plastic casing of uh malajod drone is very good very good from practical point of view.

It better protects radar uh in case of hard landing crashes or just uh not very accurate handling or

transportation.

But it is on the cost of weight of course as I said difference is 1 kilog uh malod drone is a kind of self-contained sensor it has internal

data recorder it has internal battery with optional uh with connector for optional external power and it has

internal GNSS receiver uh with antenna connector.

So uh malaj drone can be used practically on any drone which can carry 2.7 kilograms and can uh follow terrain

using some altimeter.

It is very important because uh uh GPRs with so high frequency usually absolutely useless without possibility

to have exact low altitude over the surface.

In opposite Zera uh 600 like all Zera GPR systems are poor sensors. They are

just GPRs without internal data recorder, without uh GNSS, without anything. Uh

GPR Z uh Zontra GPRS uh have power connector and Ethernet connector and they require external data recorder in

our integrated system. Uh uh we supply onboard computer for the drones which acts as data recorder data logger and

also it uh gives us possibility for the full integration between Skyhub between uh GPR data logging skyhub and data from

drone avionics. I mean first of all

drone avionics. I mean first of all precise geo taking uh when you use when you use uh malaj

drone uh deployed on the drone you will not see uh real time data feedback from the

drone over any uh uh big distances actually uh malaj drone

has Wi-Fi uh Wi-Fi access point and from 10 20 m maybe 30 m maximum you

can connect to that uh Wi-Fi hotspot and see data from GPR in real time but in majority of surveys distance will be

much more larger and uh you will be able to check the data only when drone will be landed and you will download the data. In case of

fully integrated zone GPR systems during all the flight you will see current trace or you can see profile

uh of the data which comes from GPR to Skyhub.

uh I should say that uh that real time data is not for uh real time data interpretation or for the making

decision what we have on the ground. It

is just to get get provide real time feedback for the system operator that system is working. It provides the data.

It records the data just to have a better confidence in results during the flight.

Also uh quite important difference uh between uh Geodron and Zonta that Zontra has uh

standard options uh for terrestrial surveys because again again most of GPR applications now and in

future will be from cart not from the drone.

Uh so here are two bigger images of GPR of both GPRs for for Mala.

Here is a small compartment for the battery. You can use you can use Mala

battery. You can use you can use Mala Joe drrome with external uh power source. We can provide cable to feed

source. We can provide cable to feed power from the drone to GPR.

Uh that will reduce the weight for the remember 150 or 200 g of something like that. And here is antenna of Wi-Fi

that. And here is antenna of Wi-Fi hotspot and antenna for uh Genesis receiver

uh for the antenna Genesis antenna not for receiver. It is very important.

for receiver. It is very important.

Genesis receiver is inside of casing and that receiver is not RTK capable. So if

you need if you need precise coordinates in your data, you need to uh have precise flight track or survey track and

uh geotech the data after the flight using only uh timestamps in the data uh timestamps which will be recorded from

internal Genesis receive.

If you don't need if you don't need uh precise coordinates in survey results, you can use just it with just external

uh antenna.

Uh yeah and you can notice that very high quality casing of malajron and it provides re quite good protection for

the part landing or not good handling in opposite in opposite zon 600

uh doesn't have anything except GPR inside in except antenna and antenna controller. It has

power in uh power connector and Ethernet interface and even even uh outer casing

is almost missed here. So that part upper part of GPR it is uh very thin

metallic shielding for the electronics and antenna without any external cover.

Uh is it good? I think yes because because

uh practice of uh with the previous models says that GPR is well protected by drum legs actually in case of hard

landings and that design uh uh provides savings of 1 kilogram of the weight.

And it is important for the not big drones like DJ 300 or 350.

And also uh Zero GPR has a connector for odometer on the cord.

It's also important for the traditional uh way of GPR use.

Uh a bit more about terrestrial surveys.

uh Zera 600 cames with as a standard in

transportation box but that box also has builtin battery and Wi-Fi router. So for

terrestrial survey minimalistic kit is just a transportation box. We need to put GPR inside of it. Connect two cables

Ethernet and power. Turn it on. Close

the lid and you can drag it using crop over the surface. For the data recording, you can use any Windows uh

tablet computer or Windows laptop with Prism to software which also cames in the kit. This additional option radar

the kit. This additional option radar systems manufactures foldable card.

The same box uh can be placed here and uh use it in the system can be use

it in very very traditional way uh with adometer or with gens receive

for mala geod drone uh at the moment at least they don't provide any options to support terrestrial surveys but

as we uh had to collect uh kind of uh baseline data baseline for GPR means from the surface or almost from the

surface. We use it malajone with card

surface. We use it malajone with card from zont and it fits fits here almost perfectly.

So that's also option. You can buy malajron and card from zont but but you can improvise something like use baby

stroller. It will also work.

stroller. It will also work.

In one of my uh business trips I use it baby stroller to deploy to to to use GPR on the surface.

uh comparison with other models uh for Zera product lines uh radar systems

uh manufacturers and we integrated with drones and supply uh range of GPRs which cover which cover

almost all possible airborne GPRs uh low frequency GPRs with unshielded antennas uh antennas are interchangeable. You can

change depot in the field and doles are very cheap. Actually, it's a aluminum

very cheap. Actually, it's a aluminum tubes.

We tested that uh GPR system with frequency ranges from 50 and up to 400 MHz. And it is lightweight GPR on the

MHz. And it is lightweight GPR on the market. And it is our uh maybe most

market. And it is our uh maybe most popular GPR system because with low frequency usually quality of the data

collected from the drone is better than uh collected from the surface.

uh because for low frequency antennas uh elevation elevation of antenna on over the surface

is not so significant factor as for high frequency GPRs.

Next is uh GPR system is zoner 500.

It is the only system which is certified in United States and Canada by FCC and industry of Canada. Uh that's the only

existing GPR system on the market which can be legally legally used it in United States and Canada without special

permissions or exceptions.

Uh next model uh is 600. In terms of data and application scenarios actually it is almost the same as 500

uh and it delivers more or less the same data. It's more or less the same

data. It's more or less the same penetration between because difference in uh central frequency which defines

all main major parameters real parameters of GPR is not too big. Uh why

600 ZA 600 was introduced? answer is

very simple to have model which is the same has the same applications scenarios as 500 500 MHz system but can be used it

with new drones or with smaller drones.

So it's 600 and zontra 1000 1 ghahz uh system is for the spec fixed scenarios

like uh snow ice profiling and uh in uh over the very dry surfaces with very low conductivity.

It also can be used of course for Mala Geodrome current line.

So uh new model uh Malajron 600 in terms of capabilities and all major parameters is the same as Zara 600

and they have a quite old model of low frequency radar called Geodron uh Geodron 80.

Uh it is as I remember six or seven years old model. It is not very popular at the

model. It is not very popular at the moment because it requires a quite beacon heavy drone. minimum is something

like uh Grandpa Jay M600 and actually better to have a bigger drone bigger drone.

Uh so more details more details about possible applications expected parameters and so on you can find by the

link again you will receive a copy of presentation.

So here you can find more information about each model and also uh some

some something what you can expect from particular GPR system and again it is defined by central frequency of the rad

my presentation ah it's here.

So applications scenarios for 600 megs.

It is any type of shallow profiling shows shallow scanning up to one and a half or 2 m in uh average normal

conditions. Average normal soil means uh

conditions. Average normal soil means uh dry soil with low conductivity.

It can be sand. It can be just a dry soil. So in such conditions you can get

soil. So in such conditions you can get a penetration up to couple of meters from flight altitude

about uh half of meter or maybe maximum 1 m above surface. In case of snow and

ice, you can fly higher. But anyway,

anyway, 600 megahertz uh radar requires very low elevation of antenna over the surface to get useful results. So again,

uh airborne GPRs especially high frequency airborne GPR systems are for large unobstructed areas with low

vegetation.

So main scenarios are utility search uh or underground infrastructure mapping.

They can be used for archeology but very important not to detect small artifacts mostly to detect something big like

hidden hidden uh basements of the buildings or just to profile stratus or soil layers before

excavation.

for they can be used for geotechnical survey. Actually

geotechnical survey. Actually technically it is the same uh soil layers profiling and they uh at that

systems are very good for not very thick snow and ice profiling. Not very thick I means not dozens of meters. If you need to profile, if you need to profile

graers, you need low lower frequencies, meaning zontf or malajron.

A very important very important all GPR systems in our portfolio are not suitable, absolutely not suitable for

landmines and UXO detection.

If you want to uh uh know why, we can provide you very detailed report uh which we prepared uh using results of

testing of GPR systems in controlled very ideal conditions over uh test range with many different

UXO and landmines uh GPRs and actually not only airborne GPS, but also terrestrial GPS on the

card will have so high false positive rate that they became absolutely

useless. For every real target, we had

useless. For every real target, we had dozens of false anomalies from uh nature

natural objects like uh cobbles, stones, just pieces of the soil with different permitivity that makes uh that makes GPS uh

practically useless as a search tool, but they can be used as additional sensor to collect more information about

uh about uh targets detected by magnetometer or

electromagnetic impulse detectors but as such tools they are absolutely useless and uh just a couple of minutes about

M600 integration. It is quite a hot

M600 integration. It is quite a hot topic because uh new drone is just excellent. I should say we are at final

excellent. I should say we are at final stages of integration. That's a photo what I made uh yesterday evening uh in

our office.

Uh we are finalizing software part.

uh all our GPR models will work with new DJI drone in the same way as we

implemented for M300 M and 350.

Uh for Zera we will support or deliver power. Of course

power. Of course we will provide true terrain following capability with external altimeter.

uh of course geoteagging including high precision coordinates if drone is in RTK mode we will provide full control from

the ground station operator will see realtime traces of profiles and uh we added in uh actually

in the previous release of our uh software but it will be also supported for M400

We provide automatic cut off of uh GPR transmitter above the set altitude. It

is uh quite important if you want to be fully compliant with the requirements of regulators.

In most countries including all European Union, including United States, including Canada, it is prohibited to uh

carry a active working GPR antenna uh with elevation more than 1 meter above the surface. So drone can fly

higher for example when it is flying to or from the survey area. But at that parts of uh flight uh GPR should not

emit anything to be fully compliant with regulate regulations for mala geod drone as it is uh

uh self-contained sensor uh we can provide optionally power to save the weight and not not to care about one more additional battery set in

the field and we provide router in following capability.

Yeah. And also we can provide better mountings than you can get from Mala because uh

our opinion that our mountings for Malajron are better and actually you will spend uh our mountings

don't block gimbal uh gimbal mounting of the DJI drones and you will just spend much less time to mount GPR on the drone.

for previous models M300 and 350 and also for uh Ja M400. Even if you

will be not our direct customer, if you will order uh Mala Jaw drone from Mala or Mala reseller directly, you can drop

us a message and we will provide 3D models of the mountings for free.

Uh that's all that's all we have 15 minutes for the questions. One, what

software did you use for 3D representation of the GPR deliverable?

We uh uh we used geolytics geolytics.

Uh I can put I can put link in chat. We

are not reseller of geolytics. we are

just friends.

Uh so if you will need golytics uh you need to reach them directly.

Next question is we already have zontf.

Can the GPR now connect to the DJ M400?

Uh are the mountings and smart cables available to DJ uh M400? So uh

after two weeks approximately after two weeks we will start deliveries uh you will need uh absolutely different mountings and you

will need uh new smart cape. Unfortunately uh DJ changed everything.

Uh I mean geometry of the drone legs uh legs now are not parallel of the drone.

Legs of the drone uh and they require encryption chip at the site of external uh computers. So yes you need new you

uh computers. So yes you need new you will need a new smart cables. So you can get a quote right now but delivery

can be uh in December. Next question is are your GPS compatible with Mattress 400? Already answer it. Yes. Wait two

400? Already answer it. Yes. Wait two

weeks and you can order the kit or get the kit for Mattress 400.

Next question from Swen. A client has asked us to perform moisture content characterization using drone based GPR

from surface down to 10 meters.

Is it theoretically possible to derive 3D moisture content from GPR data? Do

you know of any practical application?

Uh I saw some papers uh around the topic. Most of the papers are about soil moisture content in the

top layer because here here uh amplitude of the reflection will be proportional not directly but proportional to the uh

so water content for the 3D actually I don't know I don't know how that may work if you don't have known

reflector uh known reflector at known depth but maybe it's a possible I don't know uh

question from Stefan can GPR be used to measure the depth of riverbed uh yes it can be it can be used it for the bimemetry

or with some uh restrictions what's the uh what's the sub bottom profiling to to to see sediment layer and what is

in sediments but uh GPRs will have a quite limited maximum depth usually it is meters and of course it is not for

high frequency GPRs uh I started to work actually article in linkin I will post the link for the uh

to to the draft of my article. Uh it is in link in because it is draft and link it in is very convenient to write drafts of the articles. At some moment it will

be moved to our corporate side but you can read it and uh there are many

aspects of uh bimetry using GPR not only on a drone but from the boat

as well. Uh main limiting factors here

as well. Uh main limiting factors here are uh are conductivity of the water. It

should be very low conductivity and maximum depth. But in some cases you can easily collect very good data. For

example, here is bottom profile from turn river in Sweden. Water has extremely uh low

Sweden. Water has extremely uh low conductivity. In some parts we see

conductivity. In some parts we see subottom structure like here.

So here you can find useful information. Next is does the

useful information. Next is does the lighter on top of M400 replace the radar on top of on top from M350 for obstacles avoidance?

Uh yes and no. First of all, at the moment we didn't find a good way how to install uh radar obstacle detector. I

mean what we supply for M400 uh radar radar uh lighter lighter of M400

may fail in some environmental conditions like fog or heavy rain.

Uh anyway it is much better than nothing at the moment. uh in the current uh system and software release we will not

support our radar sensor for the obstacles but maybe we will support it in future. Uh next question what what

in future. Uh next question what what maximum altitude of drone we can fly? uh

it's a dozens of cm for uh high frequency radars like 1 ghahz or or six

500 megahertz systems. It's a uh maximum few meters for low frequency

systems. So again uh drone born GPR applications are for large areas without uh high vegetation and without

obstacles.

In some situations in some situations you can collect uh good data flying higher.

For example, we have data examples for the uh uh very good examples for glaciers

with low frequency antenna. You can fly at 10 mters, five 10 mters above the uh above the ice and still have a

penetration till dozens or even hundreds meters into the ice.

Or you can uh in case of very very dry dry sand you can have a penetration of

few meters for 600 or 500 mg.

But if if you are in Europe for example or in the most of United States and Canada you need to fly very low to collect useful data.

So more information you can find uh and as well as recommended flight altitude you can find

by the link. Next question from Mishel.

According to your experience, what is the prospection depth range for the survey with uh 600 m or freshwater

reser?

Uh I suspect that it in most cases it will be something between zero and half of meter from drone.

I saw a bit deeper but deeper but uh flights were too extreme even for me. So

sensor to water clearance was around 20 cm. For me it is too low. Better to use

cm. For me it is too low. Better to use both or better to use a cassander or low frequency system.

Main factor here will be uh main factor here will be uh as for all bimetric applications conductivity of water and

your readiness to fly very low having insurance of course.

uh concern. Next question from Duke concerned concerned about using GPR with drone for detecting groundwater up to 100 meter. Any ideas? No ideas and it is

100 meter. Any ideas? No ideas and it is practically not possible.

So standard tools for the groundwater search are transient electromagnetics with with big coils or ground surveys

like the conductivity resistivity surveys but not GPR on the drop. Uh next

question is from Benjamin. Hello. What

is low flight uh recommended for 600 m?

Uh actually I already answer it by the last link in chat. you can find uh a lot of information about different GPR

systems. So ideally ideally for 600 meters you should fly not higher than half of meter and data examples what I

demonstrated we collected with the antenna to ground elevation half of meter from one meter uh over the road or

over the dry surface you will still get useful data higher most probably only in very favor very good conditions for GPR

meaning very dry sand, uh, snow and ice over the normal soils, it should be very low. Uh, question from

Stefan. Do you absolutely need to use

Stefan. Do you absolutely need to use UGCS flight software to plan GPR drone missions?

Uh, yes. Yes, because you need terrain

yes. Yes, because you need terrain polling. DJI standard software uh

polling. DJI standard software uh doesn't support terrain following.

To be to be fully correct, DJ M400 has terrain following capability with uh

some uh entry level altimeter but it doesn't work over snow over ice.

Jay didn't doesn't recommend to use it over surfaces like water and it doesn't work uh at very low altitude.

Uh so answer is yes you need UGCS guido uh it's pity that you forget which of the shown sections was from geod drone

of ratis from publications I assume that lower section was from geodron because it had a much better wavelength would you comment on that I want I don't

want to start discussion what data is better because again it was collected in uh different conditions So we can discuss difference in the data

when we will collect the data at the same day. Uh it's a very short

same day. Uh it's a very short time between surveys with absolutely the same survey parameters for me for me the

quality of the data is the same and they both work good in that regards. If you

want I can share all data you can just uh drop me a message and I will show you uh I will show I will share with you

data. Next question from Mills. I'm

data. Next question from Mills. I'm

working for mining company dewatering doommites as a result cavitiesc within the dolom do you

looking for the option for the technical work the depth of the big zones would be between 20 up to 60 m.

What would the penetration depth of that systems? So in theory in theory you can

systems? So in theory in theory you can achieve 20 plus mters using uh low frequency

uh GPRs I mean zont with something like 75 megahertz antennas

uh if water content is uh really very low in theory.

Uh deepest what I saw from the drone was around maybe 20 30 m and very dry uh in the middle of desert actually. Maybe

that will work in damines as well. Also

from mess also looking at water ingress that could cause sin holes to to form sink holes and so on. It's pretty pretty

standard pretty standard uh application for GPRs with low frequency

GPR with a penetration limits of course you can do search service [Laughter]

question from M which GPR is then most suitable for landmines no one GPR is

suitable for landmine search Not one.

We tested one GZ. We tested 150 GHz. So

extremely high false positive rate even in ideal controlled conditions. ideal

controlled conditions. I mean test with replace replaced natural soil by by uh

with uh clean sandy mix gives extremely high false positive rate. It doesn't

depend on what brand you will use. 3D

radar mala radar systems JSI sensors and software you will get absolutely the same. No one question from Kim. Uh,

same. No one question from Kim. Uh,

which sensor should which sensor would you recommend to use for surveying clutch area of land to look for potential areas where fooding could take place?

Uh, Kim, I'm very sorry I didn't get the question. Usually to analyze the

question. Usually to analyze the potentially fluided areas, you need to collect uh elevation data, not GPR.

or I don't understand that application.

So actually you can drop me a message that we can discuss that in details.

If it is about uh kind of geotechnical surveys for geotechnical surveys you can use low frequency GPRs because in general penetration of high frequency

models like 500 600 especially from the drones will not be enough.

And last question is uh can you share me a recommendation to monitoring pipeline? I need to check for

monitoring pipeline? I need to check for lines and leaks. Uh so leaks detection

leaks detection uh leaks detection from uh using GPR is extremely extremely complicated task.

I can recommend couple of videos. Not

ours. Not ours actually. Uh give me a moment I will find the link. It's a GPR published by Bigman Geo Physics. It's a

I I would recommend their channel.

I learned it a lot from it.

Check that video and you will better understand. You will better understand.

understand. You will better understand.

Yeah, maybe it is the same video. uh it

is extremely uh complicated task not not for the drone mounted GPR but also for terrestrial

surveys. More or less it will work over

surveys. More or less it will work over the uniform soils not very not very

saturated to see in the uh data areas with increased increased uh dialectical permitivity

uh from the drone. Usually it will not work and yeah it is very bad very bad not predictable scenario

just to find ju just to find pipes you can use uh any practically any of GPR systems but yeah you need to select

right central frequency uh according to the diameter depth of the pipe and uh conditions of the soil but leaks detection it

unpredictable task.

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